热重分析法研究不同添加剂对煤粉的催化燃烧

采用热重分析法和统计分析方法研究了原煤及加入不同添加剂后煤粉的燃烧效果.加入质量分数为2%的MnO2、CaO和CeO2可将原煤的活化能由98.07分别降至73.73、78.50和76.45 kJ·mol-1,原煤的燃烧放热峰温度也随之降低,由534.2分别降至482.7、489.4和484.9℃,但对氧化放热峰温度影响不明显,两者作用结果可将原煤氧化峰与燃烧峰对应温度差减小约30℃.添加剂对煤粉燃烧活化能和燃烧峰温度的影响规律符合玻尔兹曼方程拟合的函数关系,燃烧放热峰对应温度降低,活化能也减小,可通过煤样差热分析曲线中燃烧峰对应温度值粗略估计煤样的活化能.     

新疆106煤矿不粘煤不同氧化程度自燃特性

新疆106煤矿开采7煤层存在二次氧化威胁,自燃危险性大大增强。为探究氧化程度对煤自燃特性的影响,选取1703工作面不粘煤,对原煤和预氧化(70,120℃)煤样开展程序升温和差式扫描量热(DSC)试验,分析氧化煤样的气态产物及热释放规律,并采用Coats-Redfern法计算表观活化能。结果表明：在低温阶段(30～100℃),氧化煤的气体产物、耗氧速率、最大放热强度明显高于原煤。煤温高于100℃后,预氧化120℃煤样的反应减缓,各项参数均低于原煤,其中C₂H₄与C₂H₆分别在110℃和130℃后低于原煤。此外,随着氧化温度的升高,煤样的DSC曲线峰值增大并向高温区域略微偏移,特征温度范围缩小,放热时间缩短,释放热量增多。对低温及放热阶段进行动力学分析,发现预氧化温度越高,煤样的表观活化能值越低。试验结果揭示了不同氧化程度煤样的自燃特性,对该矿煤火灾害防治提供了基础和参考。     

不同密度级别无烟煤粉催化燃烧研究

利用热重法研究了K₂CO₃对不同密度无烟煤煤粉燃烧特性和动力学的影响。结果表明:K₂CO₃能够改善煤粉的燃烧性能; 在K₂CO₃溶液最佳添加量浓度为 15%时, 低密度煤粉着火温度降低 56.7℃,中密度煤粉着火温度降低 30℃;随着K₂CO₃负载量的增加, 煤样的最大失重速率对应的温度先降低后升高, 但均低于原煤; 由于中密度煤粉矿物质含量高, K⁺离子含量低,在最佳催化剂含量下, K₂CO₃对低密度煤粉的催化作用优于对中密度煤粉的催化作用; K₂CO₃催化煤燃烧机理可用氧转移理论解释; K₂CO₃可减小体系表观活化能。     

原煤和氧化煤的低温氧化特性

为研究原煤和氧化煤的低温氧化特性,以潘集矿煤样为研究对象,将原煤在90℃空气环境中恒温氧化150 min制备氧化煤样。采用程序升温实验装置测定了170℃以下原煤和氧化煤低温氧化阶段不同温度下的CO浓度,并基于CO浓度分阶段计算了原煤和氧化煤的表观活化能。此外,通过电子自旋共振设备测定了180℃以下原煤和氧化煤低温氧化过程中的自由基浓度。结果表明:原煤和氧化煤的CO浓度和表观活化能均随着温度的升高而增大,且表现出明显的阶段性特征;原煤和氧化煤的CO浓度和表观活化能在50~60℃范围内产生交叉;50℃以下,氧化煤的CO浓度大于原煤,表观活化能小于原煤;超过60℃,氧化煤的CO浓度小于原煤,表观活化能大于原煤。原煤的自由基浓度随着温度的升高而增大,氧化煤的自由基浓度随着温度的升高先降低后升高;相同温度下,氧化煤的自由基浓度大于原煤,但其自由基浓度的变化速率小于原煤。     

遗煤二次氧化过程中不同阶段自燃特性

为了研究经过初次氧化后,煤在不同温度阶段的自燃特性变化规律,采用程序升温实验,对4组煤样(原煤样和3组预氧化煤样)从40～180℃的氧化过程进行测试,计算、分析煤样的耗氧速度以及活化能,找出煤样的耗氧速度以及活化能在整个升温过程中的突变点,据此划分出3个阶段,得出煤二次氧化过程中不同温度阶段的自燃特性.结果表明:任何一个阶段经过预氧化后的煤样的耗氧速度的变化率均大于原煤样,在第2和第3阶段预氧化后的煤样的活化能均小于原煤样,耗氧速度变化率的变化规律与活化能的变化规律在所对应的阶段是相一致的.无论从耗氧速度的变化率去分析还是从活化能角度分析都可以得出在第2和第3阶段中自燃倾向性最大的分别为预氧化120和90℃的煤样.     

天然矿物添加剂对高炉喷吹煤粉燃烧特性的影响

利用热分析法研究了大贵白云石、荣富镁石、东燃镁石、里领石灰石和方解石五种天然矿物添加剂对无烟煤燃烧过程的影响.考察了着火温度、最大燃烧速率、挥发分释放特性指数和燃尽特征指数等燃烧特征参数,求出了反应动力学参数活化能Ea和指前因子A.实验结果表明:大贵白云石、荣富镁石和东燃镁石能够显著促进煤粉的燃烧过程,降低着火温度,增大煤粉的挥发分释放特征指数D和煤粉的燃尽特性指数Cb,使最大燃烧速率前移至挥发分着火燃烧阶段;里领石灰石和方解石则相反.同时,动力学计算表明:大贵白云石、荣富镁石和东燃镁石使煤粉的活化能分别降低10.4%、14.5%和10.7%,对煤粉燃烧有助燃作用;里领石灰石和方解石使煤粉的活化能分别提高2.0%和4.3%,对煤粉燃烧没有助燃作用.     

臭氧对煤粉燃烧的影响

根据强紫外线辐射空气可产生臭氧的原理,将经紫外辐射后的空气通入热天平与煤粉发生燃烧反应,采用热分析方法研究臭氧对煤粉燃烧的影响.实验表明紫外辐射空气得到的少量臭氧使煤粉燃烧的失重和放热时间提前.对煤粉燃烧的动力学进行分析,结果显示臭氧使煤粉燃烧反应的活化能降低.紫外线激发高温氧气产生氧原子的热力学计算结果表明:温度越高,氧分子越容易被紫外线激发为氧原子.提出了使用强紫外线辐射热风促进高炉喷煤燃烧的设想.     

CO_2对煤低温氧化反应过程的影响实验研究

为了深入研究CO2对煤低温氧化反应的影响,利用程序升温油浴实验装置,研究在不同CO2浓度下煤样的自燃特性。采集南屯矿煤样,破碎并筛分出混合平均粒径为4.18 mm的煤样,向试验管煤样中通入不同配比的混合气体,实验控制升温速度为0.3℃/min,供气量为190 mL/min.测定在6种不同浓度CO2气氛下的煤样低温氧化特性,实验结果表明:CO2浓度越高,煤样耗氧速率越小,CO产生率降低。在起始阶耗氧速率相差不大,煤氧复合作用以物理吸附和化学吸附为主,后期阶段以化学反应为主,变化明显。相比于空气气氛下,CO2气氛下煤样活化能有所提高,在40~100℃的温度范围内煤氧作用的活化能值由17.85 kJ/mol升高至22.71 kJ/mol,氧化反应速率降低,表明CO2的加入降低了煤的氧化反应速率,抑制了煤的氧化反应。     

Na2Cr2O7和NaClO4对水泥窑用煤燃烧特性的影响

以煤的着火点、燃尽点、燃烧烈度、平均放热强度和发热量为评价指标,利用TG-DSC分析添加剂Na2Cr2O7和NaClO4对水泥窑用煤燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,两类燃煤添加剂均能改变水泥窑用煤的燃烧特性.两类添加剂的加入降低了水泥窑用煤燃烧的着火点和燃尽点,使其能够在较低的温度下进行燃烧,提高煤的燃烧性和燃尽性,同时降低了煤的燃烧烈度,使煤的燃烧更加平稳,有利于煤在水泥窑内的燃烧;Na2Cr2O7和NaClO4均能使煤的发热量增加,且加快煤粉热量的释放,促进了煤的完全燃烧.     

添加剂强化烧结过程及其机理

为了提高燃料燃烧效率和磁铁矿氧化速度、降低固体燃料用量和提高烧结矿强度 ,对添加剂强化烧结过程进行了研究 .结果表明 :分别将 0 .1‰添加剂加入到钒钛磁铁精矿和低氟磁铁精矿中 ,烧结矿利用系数分别提高0 .0 4～ 0 .0 5t (m2 ·h)和 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 3t (m2 ·h) ,转鼓强度分别从 6 6 .8%提高到 6 8.7%和从 6 3.82 %提高到 6 7.1 6 % ,每吨烧结矿节省焦粉 3kg ;添加剂可以提高磁铁矿的氧化速度 ,降低焦粉热解温度 ;将 0 .2‰添加剂加到焦粉中 ,焦粉的开始热解温度从 46 0℃降到 40 0℃ ,热解终止温度从 72 0℃降到 5 6 0℃ .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.