节流机构对风冷热泵冷热水机组逆循环除霜时间的影响

研究了不同节流机构对逆循环除霜时间的影响．用一根外径为22mm的旁通铜管及热力膨胀阀分别作为除霜时的节流机构，在一台名义制热量为55kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组上进行了实验研究．结果表明：旁通铜管系统比热力膨胀阀系统的除霜时间缩短1．5min，其中融霜时间缩短1．3min，排水时间缩短0．2min;在融霜阶段开始的一分多种和整个排水阶段，风冷换热器出口即节流机构进口的制冷剂为过热气体或者两相状态，气相的存在位节流机构的流量增加缓慢；旁通铜管系统比热力膨胀阀系统的流通面积大，所以除霜时间短．     

不均风速场对中大型热泵结霜工况性能的影响

针对一台名义制冷量为50 kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组,研究了风速不均匀分布对机组结霜工况性能的影响.实验结果表明:风速的不均匀分布是系统反馈控制支路产生振荡的主导因素;随着风速不均匀度增加,结霜速度加快,致使系统的稳定工作时间缩短,系统的换热性能降低;风速分布不均匀度为0.93与0.18时相比,系统的稳定工作时间缩短了34 min,系统的制热量降低约14.2%;结霜振荡阶段,霜层的阻塞作用成为影响系统性能的主要因素,随着风速分布不均匀度的增加,系统参数衰减加剧.     

空气源热泵机组除霜问题分析

阐述了空气源热泵结霜特性及其对热泵性能的影响 ,并对在制热运行时结霜的机理和结霜对传热的影响因素进行分析 ,对空气源热泵机组除霜方法进行了探讨 ,总结了国内现有除霜控制方法及除霜规则 ,提出了除霜问题的研究方向     

结霜工况下平行流换热器的换热性能

测试了平行流换热器在结霜工况下的换热性能.研究了换热器的换热面积及表面换热效率随霜层厚度的变化,并采用对数平均温差（LMTD）法对结霜状况下霜层表面的换热系数进行了计算.结果显示,当霜层厚度达到0.4 mm时,换热器的换热面积下降18%左右,表面换热效率下降17.42%～24.78%;而换热系数的降低是换热器性能降低的重要因素,试验中换热器的换热系数均下降50%左右,百叶窗的霜堵是导致换热系数降低的主要原因.     

信息角

技术难题 项目名称:智能化除霜技术研究开发 主要内容:1.完成风冷热泵机组的最佳除霜控制方案和计算机软件,实现“有霜除霜、无霜不除霜”,并在该公司户用和商用各10台机组上得到验证;2.完成风冷热泵机组参数的程序化优化方法和计算机软件,并在该公司户用和商用各10台机组上试验,制热量能提高％以上;3完成风冷热泵机组室外换热器空气流场与热交换器匹配的分析方法和分析软     

受限空间圆管表面结霜特性及换热性能实验研究

为了优化换热器结构以提高其除霜性能,通过水平圆管结霜可视化实验台对受限空间内结霜过程进行了实验研究,分析了霜层厚度沿管长方向的生长规律、结霜量和热流量随时间的变化规律,以及湿空气初始流速、温度、相对湿度和管壁温度等因素对圆管表面结霜量和热流量的影响。实验结果表明:结霜初期,霜层厚度沿管长方向逐渐升高;之后,圆管中部的霜层最厚,靠近入口的霜层厚度最小;融霜最先发生于空气流道出口处;结霜量随时间延长呈现增长趋势,而热流量呈现先增大后减小的趋势;较高的湿空气流速、湿空气温度、相对湿度和较低的壁面温度对应较大的结霜量和热流量,其中管壁温度对结霜量和热流量影响相对较小。实验所获得的结霜特性与换热规律对换热器设计具有一定的参考价值。     

翅片型式对空气源热泵机组结霜特性的影响

对使用条缝翅片管换热器的空气源热泵空调器在结霜工况下的动态性能进行了试验研究,用显微照相法测量了不同条件下室外换热器表面的霜层厚度,并与采用平翅片管换热器的热泵样机试验结果进行了比较.结果表明:在结霜初始阶段,条缝翅片管换热器表面霜层增长速度远大于平翅片管换热器,结霜循环周期大大缩短;对于低相对湿度工况,条缝翅片管换热器在结霜过程中出现了一段表面霜层厚度几乎不增长的时间段,使得其结霜周期显著增大;与使用平翅片管换热器的热泵样机不同,使用条缝翅片管蒸发器的热泵机组的制热量及性能系数随环境空气相对湿度的升高而大幅度降低.     

空气源热泵冷热水机组结霜研究

空气源热泵冷热水机组冬季运行时，空气侧换热器表面容易结霜，结霜将影响机组的供热能力，而且目前除霜过程的可靠性较差。对空气源热泵在冬季制热运行时结霜的因素进行了分析，并就结霜对机组冬季上况的影响进行了研究，提出了机组在冬季工况下性能提高的几条途径。     

强制对流下翅片管蒸发器表面结霜实验

翅片管蒸发器表面结霜是阻碍制冷系统高效运行的主要不利因素之一。利用恒温恒湿箱搭建强制对流下蒸发器翅片管表面结霜可视化实验平台,在环境温度0～8℃、相对湿度55%～75%及迎面风速0.8～2.4 m/s时,实时记录霜层动态生长过程,研究了环境温度、相对湿度和迎面风速对霜层生长特性及蒸发器换热性能的影响规律。结果表明：环境温度和迎面风速是影响蒸发器结霜的主要因素,结霜50 min,环境温度为0℃的霜层厚度比环境温度为8℃的提高了12.78%,迎面风速为2.4 m/s的霜层厚度比迎面风速为0.8 m/s的提高了14.66%,结霜量与换热量提高趋势相同。在结霜初期,相对湿度越大,换热量越大;结霜后期,相对湿度越小,换热量越大,并得到了换热量关于环境参数与时间的相关关系。     

结霜工况下R410A翅片管式蒸发器的换热特性

在焓差实验装置和热泵性能测试系统中,对一台R410A空气源热泵的翅片管式蒸发器在结霜工况下的换热特性进行了试验研究.通过改变蒸发器制冷剂侧和空气侧的流体温度、流量等参数,利用显微摄影机对室外侧换热器的平直翅片表面结霜过程进行动态跟踪.实验表明,结霜速率和霜层厚度的变化对制冷系统的换热量、蒸发温度、制冷剂侧压降、整体传热效率都有不同程度的影响.在蒸发器的结霜初期和结霜后期,系统性能的衰减程度有较大区别.在空气温度为0℃~-4℃,相对湿度大于80%的情况下,换热器表面结霜速度最快.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.