平端压头静力侵入岩石的数值研究

在对实际试验条件做合理简化的基础上,进行了平端压头侵入红砂岩的模拟研究。首先根据FLAC3D接触面理论建立接触面单元。然后,将基于应变等效的损伤模型引入仿真,对模拟过程进行了分析。最后,通过对比仿真和试验结果,分析压头尺寸和加载速率对压头侵入的影响。平端压头静力侵入岩石的结果与试验观测吻合。由仿真结果可知:岩石是由压头下端密实核外围剪切膨胀引起裂纹扩展破坏的,压头半径越大越难于侵入,并且压头半径与载荷存在近似线性相关,加载速率对侵入功有影响。     

静压侵入作用下的岩石声发射

本文研究了压头侵入作用下大理岩的声发射。测试结果表明,在压入破岩过程的加载阶段,反映岩石内部微破裂的声发射活动性一般少而低,只有当压头周围产生微小片裂时,才偶发性地出现声发射的小波峰。侵入力一旦达到峰值,岩石内表面附近形成水平裂纹,岩石承受的载荷下降,声发射率(AER)随之发生急剧变化。水平裂纹的快速扩展,最终导致表面片裂。随后,声发射平息。侵入载荷重新增大,声发射活动性依然平静,于是开始下一循环的压入破岩过程。这种现象在各种压头侵入大理岩试验中均被观测到。     

关于岩石的动静态侵入断裂

对岩石、玻璃和陶瓷等脆性材料的动静态侵入断裂实验及理论研究现状进行了总结和评述。以实验结果为依据,描述了岩石在动静态侵入载荷作用下所产生的裂纹类型及其形成与扩展过程;讨论了用半经验,半理论方法建立的裂纹长度与侵入载荷(或压头冲击速度)之间的关系。最后指出了上述研究结果在岩石力学参数测定及凿岩机具设计与研制中的一些应用。     

高应力下脆性岩石卸荷力学特性及数值模拟

高地应力下脆性岩体工程开挖变形机理、稳定性评价及灾害控制技术研究一直是岩石力学和工程地质研究的难点问题。基于高应力下脆性岩石卸荷力学试验分析,明确了卸荷过程中的岩石力学参数及变形破坏演化规律,发现高应力下脆性岩石的破坏具有较明显的应变强度特征。分析了高应力下脆性岩石卸荷破坏采用张拉屈服的Griffith应变强度准则的合理性,建立了考虑卸荷屈服引起岩体力学参数变化的弹脆塑性数值计算方法,并在实际工程中得以验证。     

静力侵入岩石裂纹扩展及声发射特征

为了研究刀具静力侵入岩石过程中裂纹扩展及声发射特征,基于刀具侵入岩石断裂特征,确定了声发射参数与刀具侵入岩石过程中径、侧向裂纹长度的关系式;通过分析不同脆性岩石和裂纹长度对声发射信号的影响,得到声发射参数随裂纹长度增加而增大,不同岩石脆性程度对声发射参数随裂纹长度的变化曲线有很大影响,是造成声发射曲线不同的根本原因.选取不同脆性的水泥砂浆和花岗岩为研究对象,在RMT-150C压力试验机上进行刀具侵入破岩试验.结果表明:高脆性花岗岩声发射计数率和能量率远大于低脆性水泥砂浆;不同脆性岩石在刀具侵入作用下声发射特征曲线与侵入载荷-侵深曲线具有较好的一致性,可以很好表征刀具侵入过程中岩石内部裂纹扩展和宏观破碎过程.研究结果对于判断岩石材料破坏性质、深化岩石破碎机理及指导岩体稳定性监测有一定参考作用.     

基于脆性岩石破裂过程中特征点的能量密度研究

岩石的变形破坏过程分为5个阶段:压密阶段、弹性阶段、稳定破裂阶段、非稳定破裂阶段、峰后阶段.针对各阶段中的力学联系鲜有研究,本文结合重整化群理论与方法,引入岩石脆性度m值分析岩石变形破坏过程,构建岩石应力-应变曲线变形膨胀点与峰值强度点的力学联系,并以此建立岩石变形膨胀点与峰值强度点处能量密度联系,研究发现岩石变形膨胀点与峰值强度点处能量密度之比(E f/E cd)是一个只依赖岩石脆性度m值的常数,并以此建立脆性岩石破坏模型.结合相关脆性岩石单轴压缩试验,结果表明:实测数据(E f/E cd)与理论值趋势较为一致,且符合较好.说明本文建立的能量密度模型能够很好地诠释脆性完整岩石的变形破坏过程.     

冲击诱导损伤岩石的侵入特性

在硬岩矿山开采中,为了提高大孔径深孔凿岩效率,降低钻具磨损,提出了冲击诱导切削复合凿岩新工艺.在Walsh模型的基础上,建立了冲击诱导孔周围损伤岩石的裂纹模型,推导了岩石损伤区的牙轮钻齿侵入系数方程及侵入阻力方程.分析了裂纹密度、扰动频率分别对岩石弹性模量、岩石破碎体积和钻齿侵入阻力的影响.结果表明:随裂纹密度的增大,岩石的有效弹性模量减小;相同侵入载荷下,随着扰动频率的增加,钻齿的侵深和岩石破碎体积不断增加;随着冲击扰动频率的增大,牙轮钻齿侵入阻力逐渐减小.     

压头作用下岩石破碎过程的细观模拟

采用平行粘结细观本构模型,在岩石颗粒尺度上研究了压头侵入岩石的破坏过程。分析讨论了岩石材料平行粘结模型细观参数与宏观力学参数之间的映射关系。为了实现表征颗粒连接破坏模式,应用FISH语言编写一个伺服程序,检测每个颗粒连接的受力状态。依据所建立的颗粒连接破坏准则,并对每个颗粒连接进行破断与否的评估,实现描述颗粒连接的破坏功能。研究表明,在压头垂直压力作用下,岩石试件内形成了3条主环向拉力链,它与宏观的小主应力方向一致。环向拉力链最大影响深度随着压头压入深度的增加而增加。与此同时,出现了几条径向压力链,它与宏观的大主应力方向基本一致。岩石试件裂纹是由环向拉应力和剪应力大于颗粒平行连接胶结材料的强度引起的。     

用短棒试件测定岩石的动静态断裂韧度

采用自行设计的加载压头和粘接在V形切口短棒岩石断裂韧度试件上的2个半圆形钢片,实现了通过压头施加压缩载荷从而使裂纹尖端承受拉仲载荷的目的。用这种方法可测定岩石的断裂韧度。特别是可以在分离式霍布金生压杆装置上较方便地测定应力波加载时岩石的动态断裂韧度。研究了加载率对岩石断裂韧度等材料性能的影响,并给出大理岩动静态断裂韧度的测定结果。     

巷帮深孔卸压诱发底板冲击失稳的 力学机制

为揭示巷帮深孔卸压诱发底板冲击失稳的力学机制,分析了巷帮深孔卸压前后底板力学模型及其差异.结果表明,巷帮深孔卸压解除了卸压区域内巷帮煤体对底板煤体的约束作用,导致底板力学模型由"柱"变为"长柱"或大柔度压杆,失稳临界应力降低;通过提前对巷道底板进行破断,主动改变巷道底板的力学模型,可提高其失稳临界应力,进而有效防治巷帮深孔卸压诱发底板冲击失稳.研究结果为岩体冲击失稳防治提供了理论基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.