Comparison of phylobetadiversity indices based on community data from Gutianshan forest plot

Phylobetadiversity incorporates phylogenetic information and beta diversity,and can account for the ecological similarities between communities with a phylogenetic perspective.Although different phylobetadiversity indices reflect differences in different characteristics between communities,the results of different phylobetadiversity indices are not comparable.In this study we examined phylobetadiversity indices for a 24-hm 2 plot in the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve.It was found the abundanceweighted D pw was almost identical to Rao’s D of Rao’s quadratic entropy.PhyloSor had a similar ecological meaning and algorithm to UniFrac.Although Dnn was different in definition from UniFrac and PhyloSor,they were all strongly correlated.The effect of species abundance on phylobetadiversity was not significant when scales were relatively small,but was significant at larger scales.These contrasts likely resulted from reductions in evenness in communities as scales increased.P ST and Rao’s H better reflected the distance-decay changes caused by spatial and habitat variation than other indices at larger scales,whereas AW-D nn and D nn better reflected these changes at small scales.     

Functional Imaging of Breast Tissue and Clinical Application

0Introduction Near infrared(NIR)techniquesarebasedonsensitive,quantitativemeasurementsoffunctionalcontrastbe tweenhealthyanddiseasedtissue.Recently,researchersshowgreatinterestinmeasuringfunctionalpropertiesofbreasttis suesuchashemoglobinconcentrationoroxygensaturationbyNIRspectroscopyandNIRimaging[1,2].NIRlightcanpene trateseveralcentimetersintotissuebeforeitisattenuatedbe lowdetection.ThemainintrinsicmechanismsofNIRlightat tenuationintissuearethescatteringduetoindexofrefractionvariatio…     

A categorical interpretation of Yetter-Drinfel’d modules

It is known that any strict tensor category (C,⊗,I) can determine a strict braided tensor categoryZ(C), the centre ofC. WhenA is a finite Hopf algebra, Drinfel’d has proved thatZ( _AM) is equivalent to_D(A)M as a braided tensor category, where_AM is the left A-module category, andD(A) is the Drinfel’d double ofA. This is the categorical interpretation ofD(A). Z( _AM) is proved to be equivalent to the Yetter-Drinfel’d module category,_AYD ^A as a braided tensor category for any Hopf algebraA. Furthermore, for right A-comodule categoryM ^A, Z(M^A) is proved to be equivalent to the Yetter-Drinfel’d module category_AY D^A as a braided tensor category. But,in the two cases, the Yetter-Drinfel’d module category_AY D^A has different braided tensor structures.     

南宁至友谊关高速公路边坡植被枯落物特性研究

【目的】了解南宁至友谊关(简称南友)高速公路边坡绿化植被的水文效应。【方法】在全面踏查的基础上,选择了8个不同地点的7种典型群落类型,对其植被枯落物特性进行研究。【结果】三豆混播群落(S4)的枯落物蓄积量、吸水速率、有效拦蓄量均为最佳,分别为43.80t/hm~2、4 227g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)、55.18t/hm~2,而木豆群落(S1)的枯落物最大持水量、最大持水率最高,分别达到2 832t/hm~2、283.2%。【结论】三豆混播群落是南友高速公路边坡植被类型中水土保持效应最均衡的群落配置,具有良好的生态水源涵养及保持的功能,可推广种植,以维护边坡植被和土壤的水文生态功能。     

Fractals in Spatial Patterns of Vegetation Formations

Introduction The quantification of spatial patterns, a focal subject in ecological research, is used as a foundation for meas-urement and analysis of the quality of habitats and the biodiversity[1]. Historically, the dominant approach has been used to cho…     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and total nitrogen on the Yajiageng vertical belt,Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks

Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter（SOM） and total nitrogen（TN） were studied in different plant communities of the Yajiageng vertical belt in Gongga Mountain around the Dadu River banks. The results show： （1） the contents of SOM and TN of the plant communities gradually decreased with the following order： subalpine coniferous forest （3 027 m）, subalpine meadow （3 873 m）, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest（2 737 m）, subalpine shrub（3 565 m） and treeline（3 564 m）. （2） With soil profile depth increasing, the contents of SOM and TN gradually decreased. For different vegetation types, the contents of SOM and TN in sub-alpine coniferous forest were higher than that of other vegetational types. （3）The ratio of the content of carbon to the content of total nitrogen （Cc/CTN）WaS 13.5-27.6, which was relatively lower than the appropriate Cc/CTN of 25-30, and indicated that the soil in favor of the organic matter decomposed and nutrients released. Cc/CTN in the soil had no correlation with sea level altitude. However, its distribution in the soil x, aried with different vegetation types. （4） Nitrogen in SOM existed mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and Cc/CTN in the soil was not obvious correlated with SOM and TN.     

Vegetation evolution on the central Chinese Loess Plateau since late Quaternary evidenced by elemental carbon isotopic composition

There are many controversial issues in loess studies such as natural vegetation types on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the historical periods and the spatial and temporal evolution of C3/C4 plants. Elemental carbon isotopic composition （δ^13Cec） in the loess section may offer new evidence for these problems. Elemental carbon （EC） is produced by incomplete combustion of vegetation, and its carbon isotopic composition has a very small difference from that of the formal vegetation, then δ^13Cec can be used as a record to recover the changes of vegetation. Elemental carbon was extracted by applying the oxidation method from the Ioess-paleosol sequence in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and its car- bon isotope composition was analyzed by the isotope mass spectrometer. The results showed that the vegetation in this region was a mixed type of C3 and C4 plants, dominated with C3 plants in most of the time. Since late Quaternary, C3/C4 plants may not follow a simple glacial-interglacial cycle mode on the Chinese Loess Plateau, but showing fluctuations. C3 plants increased gradually in L4 period, and more C3 plants occurred during $3 period, and C4 plants increased again during L3-- L2 periods, after that, Cs plants dominated again during S1 --S0 periods. During periods of paleosol development, C3 plants were abundant in S3 and S1, and there were more Ca plants in S2 and SO. During periods of loess sedimen- tation, there were more C3 plants in L4 and L1, and there were more C4 plants in L3 and L2. On the orbital timescale, the vegetation variations revealed by δ^13Cec record are consistent with the results of pollen data and also similar to the results obtained by organic carbon isotopic composition since the last glacial period.     

Gene product expression of cyclin D<Subscript>2</Subscript> and p16 during the transition from cardiac myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy

The current study was to investigate mRNA expression of cyclin D₂ and p16 during the transition from cardiac myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy. Cultured cardiac myocytes (CM) and fibroblasts (FC) obtained from 1-day-old Sparague-Dawley rats were used in this study. We have determined (1) hyperplasia by cell growth curve and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS); and (2) ultrastructure by electron microscope observation; and (3) expresions of cyclin D₂ mRNA and p16 mRNA by using in situ hybridization and image analysis. The results were shown (1) Results of cell growth curve and FACS analysis showed CM could proliferate in the first 3 cultured days (4 days in postnatal development). But the ability decreased quickly, concomitant with the differentiation. (2) The ultrastructure of CM showed the large amount of myofilaments and mitochondrion and FC showed moderate amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. (3) The expression of cyclin D₂ mRNA in 3−, 4−, 5−day CM group was 0.89 times (p<0.05), 0.80 times (p<0.05) and 0.56 times (p<0.01) of that in 1-day group respectively. P16 mRNA in 2−, 3−, 4−, 5−day CM group were 1.63 times (p<0.01), 1.72 times (p<0.01), 1.99 times (p<0.01) and 2.84 times (p<0.01) of that in 1−day group respectively. It can be concluded that cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes could proliferate during the first 3 cultured days, but the ability of proliferation decreased, from the fourth day, concomitant with differentiation. Cyclin D₂ and p16 have the key roles during the transition from myocyte hyperplasia to hypertrophy. Biography: Zhang Yu-xia (1974-), female, Master, research direction: cardiovascular pathology.     

Palynological records of environmental changes in the middle part of Inner Mongolia,China

Today, the central part of Inner Mongolia has a continental climate, with cold winters, hot summers, and approximately 70% of the precipitation falling in the summer months. Vegetation is dominated by steppe vegetation with Stipa bungeana and Stipa breviflora. Scattered individuals of Quercus liaotungensis, Populus davidiana, Betula platyplylla are distributed in the mountains, with some Pinus tabluaoformis, near Miaoyu, and with fragmentary Picea above 1700—1800 m a.s.l. The Huitenglian…     

Dynamic Mechanisms for Evolution of Mountain Rural Settlements and Soil Conservation in Upper Yangtze River Basin

This paper presents the logic relationship between rural settlement reconstruction and soil conservation in the Upper Yangtze River. Firstly, by introducing the concepts of ＂flow＂ and ＂intercepted flow＂, we probe into the dynamic mechanism on interaction between ecological and environmental system, and then point out that the ＂intercepting sites＂ are physical conditions for establishment of human settlements in mountains. Secondly, by using ecological theories, ＂flow＂, ＂source＂, and ＂sink＂, material cycle and energy flow in mountains have been discussed. Thirdly, according to dissipative structure theory and thermodynamic laws, a hypothesis has been proposed that ＂entropy flow＂ is a dynamic force for settlement evolution. Finally, it is argued that a project for soil conservation is set to control and utilize flows so rural settlements can be supported and farmers＇ life improved.     

Influence of Characteristics on Bending Strength of Layered Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The influence of two main characteristics of steel fiber, the aspect ratio （Df） and volume fraction （ρf）, on the bending strength of Layered Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete （LSFRC） is investigated by using orthogonal test. Via the variance analysis on the experimental results and trend analysis on the two characteristics, Df is found significantly related to the bending strength of LSFRC. The influence ratio is 63.3%. The bending strength of LSFRC increases if Df increases, makes better when Df reaches 100. ρf has ordinary influence on the bending strength of LSFRC. The influence ratio is 29.2%. Other characteristics, such as the shape of steel fiber and the mix proportion, have less influence. The best ρf contributing to the bending strength of LSFRC is 1.5 %. If ρf is greater than 1.5%, it has negative influence on the bending strength of LSFRC. So, ρf makes a limited contribution to the bending strength of LSFRC.     

通管汤盆腔灌注对大鼠输卵管炎性阻塞性不孕模型病理及BCL-2、EGFR蛋白表达的影响

目的研究自拟通管汤(简称通管汤)盆腔灌注对大鼠输卵管炎性阻塞的作用及机制。方法选用体重为(200±20)g,鼠龄8~12周的SD雌性大鼠130只,用混合菌制造大鼠输卵管炎性阻塞模型114只,随机分为正常对照组(A)、模型组(B)、兔耳风胶囊组(C)、通管汤组(低剂量组D_1、中剂量组D_2、高剂量组D_3)。采用输卵管通液观察输卵管通畅,HE染色观察输卵管组织形态学变化,免疫组化检测输卵管上皮细胞Bcl-2、EGFR的表达。结果 (1)治疗组输卵管通畅率D_3、D_2、C组与B、D_1组比较有非常显著性差异(P0.01);(2)D_3组与D_2、C组比较有较显著差异(P0.05);中高剂量治疗组(D_3、D_2)输卵管组织形态好转明显好于模型组(B)与低剂量组(D_1);治疗组输卵管上皮细胞Bcl-2、EGFR表达(P0.05-P0.01),差异有显著性,15 d与30 d比较无明显差异。结论通管汤高剂量组能缓解输卵管肿胀、减轻炎性细胞浸润、增加管腔纤毛数量和恢复输卵管通畅性;并通过下调Bcl-2、EGFR的过度表达,抑制输卵管上皮细胞凋亡和炎症反应,达到治疗输卵管炎性阻塞的作用。     

Composition operators with linear fractional symbols on vector-valued Bergman spaces

0　IntroductionLetDdenotetheopenunitdiskinthecomplexplaneC , DitsboundaryanddAtheLebesguemeasureonD ,normal izedsothatA(D) =1.ForaBanachspace (X ,‖·‖X) ,wewriteH(D ,X)fortheclassofallX valuedanalyticfunctionsonD .Let1≤ p<∞ ,theX valuedBergmanspaceBp(X)istheclassofallf∈H(D ,X) forwhich‖f‖Bp(X) =∫D‖f(z)‖pXdA(z) 1 /p <∞ (1)IfX =C,thenwewriteBp =Bp(C) fortheclassicalBergmanspaces.Letφ∶D→Dbeananalyticself mapofD .Thenthee quation Cφf=f φdefinesacompositionoperator…     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

广西植被调查、分类与植被志研编方案

广西是我国植被类型较丰富的省区之一,开展《广西植被志》研编意义重大。本文在全面总结广西植被调查研究历史的基础上,将植被调查研究的进程分为3个阶段：第一阶段为1950-1980年,第二阶段为1981-1999年,第三阶段为2000年至今。对《广西森林》《广西植被志要》和《广西植被(第一卷)》中的植被分类原则、等级、分类结果及各分类系统的特点进行分析比较。在遵循《中国植被志》的研编标准及规范的基础上,提出《广西植被志》的研编方案,建议以植被型组独立成卷,即可分为6卷：森林卷、灌丛卷、草丛卷、沼泽与水生植被卷、农林植被卷、城市植被卷。其中,森林卷可分为6册,即针叶林和针阔叶混交林分册、落叶阔叶林分册、常绿落叶阔叶混交林分册、常绿阔叶林分册、季雨林和雨林分册、竹林分册;灌丛植被、草丛植被和沼泽与水生植被各独立成卷;农林植被卷分为两册,分别是农业植被分册和林业植被分册;城市植被独立成卷。此外,加上第一卷总论,《广西植被志》可由7卷13册组成。对建立10个植被信息数据库及广西数字植被大数据平台提出初步方案。《广西植被志》的研编及出版必将推动广西植被生态科学的进一步发展。     

Dynamic study on water stability of soil structure and soil characteristics of several types of soils in southwest China

Three suborder soils in southwest China were adopted, namely Ustic Vertisol, Stagnic Anthrosol and Ustic Ferrosol, so as to carry out the basic physical and chemical analysis respectively, to design a dynamic measuring method for water stability of soil structure and conduct the comparative study on the quality of the soil structure. The results indicated that （1） The water stability dynamic characteristic of the soil structure could well reflect the maintaining capability of the soil structure as time goes on. （2） The quality of several soil structures in southwest China was sequenced as follows： Stagnic Anthrosols 〉 Ustic Vertisols 〉 Ustic Ferrosols. （3） The water stability of soil structure is very positively correlated with the capillary porosity and the clay particle （D 〈 0.002 mm） content （Co）, but is very negatively correlated with the silt （D is 0.05-0.002 ram） content （Csc）, and （4） The dynamic functional equation of the water stability of soil structure in southwest China was established, so that the water stability characteristics of various soil structures could be quantitatively expressed and the quality of different soil structures can be quantitatively compared from each other.     

Soil crevice formation and erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent ruified soil had been probed, results showed that there were similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay (D<0.002 mm) contents (C _c ) were relative higher as between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents were lower as between 2.2–6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils had high content of 2:1 type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which were the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics showed that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure were the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices changed the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term “soil crevice erosion” was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion played a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area. Foundation item: Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-409) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAC01A11)     

Quantitative Assessment on Endangerment Degree of Rare Animal and Plant Species in Tibet, China

It is of profound theoretical and practical significance to study endangerment status of rare species in Tibet. Index system is firstly set down for quantitative assessment of rare animal and plant species, then endangerment degree of wildlife under special state protection are calculated, which is expressed by value E. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey （Rhinopithecus bieti）, Himalayan tahr （Hemitragus jemlahicus） and Gigantic Cypress （Cupressus gigantea） have the highest E respectively in animals and plants. According to value E, all species are categorized into 4 ranks： critically endangered（0.6-0.8）, endangered （0.4- 0.6）, vulnerable （0.2-0.4） and lower risk （ E ≤ 0.2）. By comparison of the first five animals and plants of the highest E, each sub-ecozone bears a distinct identity.     

广西海岸潮上带草本植物种类与群落特征研究

【目的】通过对广西海岸潮上带草本植物进行调查,分析其种类组成和群落分类学特征,探讨影响群落分布的影响因子,旨在为广西海岸带草本植物的保护和生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】以广西海岸潮上带草本植物为研究对象,通过实地调查、标本采集、种类鉴定等进行研究。【结果】根据133个样方调查结果显示,潮上带常见草本植物种类有93种,隶属25科70属。科的分布有3个分布型和1个亚型,属的分布有8个分布型和3个亚型。结合植物的生态类群、生活型和优势种的原则,把广西海岸潮上带草本植物划分为2个植被类型组、4个植被类型和28个群系。广西海岸潮上带草本植物主要群落类型受生态因子的影响较大。【结论】在广西海岸潮上带,含单种的科、属占优势,无特有属。草本植物区系地理成分较复杂,科和属的分布均表现出明显的热带性质。草丛湿地植被类型组占优势,群落主要以单优种群落为主。水分、土壤质地以及人工岸线、养殖塘、盐田、围垦造地等人为干扰是影响群落分布的主要生态因子。     

Is the maximum carbon number of long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes an indicator of grassland or forest? Evidence from surface soils and modern plants

The molecular distribution of long-chain n-alkanes in 62 soil samples collected from diverse locations across eastern China was analyzed.The long-chain n-alkanes were mostly dominated by n-C29 or n-C31,regardless of the overlying vegetation type at each site.The results were compared with those summarized from the literature,covering more than 100 soil samples within China and more than 300 genera of modern plants distributed worldwide.There were similar n-alkane distribution patterns for most genera, with no clear differences among grasses,shrubs,and trees.The evidence from analyses of surface soils and modern plants indicates that the relationship between the molecular distribution of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and source vegetation is highly complex,and is influenced by many factors.Further,it is suggested that source vegetation types should not be simply inferred from distribution patterns of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments.