Sanitary Sewage Treatment with Jet Inner-loop Bioreactor

0　IntroductionThejetloopreactorhasthecharacteristicsofbothjetandloopflow .Ononehand ,theairsuckedinisdispersedintosmallgasbubblesbecauseoftheshearingforcecausedbythehighvelocityjet,producinganincreasedinterfacialcontactbe tweengasandliquid ,thusthemasstransferefficiencyisin creased .Ontheotherhand ,aregularloopflowisformedbecauseofmutualimpetusofbothjetandair lift,thusdramaticallyim provestheperformancesofmixture ,diffusion ,masstransferandheattransferofthematerial.Withoutmechanicdriving ,the…     

EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的研究进展

近年来,学者对第三代厌氧生物反应器——EGSB反应器进行了大量的研究,以使其出水能够达到国标排放要求。在很大程度上,颗粒污泥性能是影响EGSB反应器运行效果的关键。总结了厌氧颗粒污泥的意义、形成及性能特点,以期为今后EGSB反应器的理论研究提供参考。     

Fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane from swamp and impact factors in Sanjiang Plain,China

Incomplete decomposition of organic matter results in the accumulation of the carbon and other nutriments in wetlands. The wetland ecosystem gains a large amount of carbon from atmosphere CO2 by photosynthesis, and it loses much of which back into the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4 emission through the decomposition and respiration. Climate change, such as global warming and reduction of precipitation could drive the wetlands from carbon sink to source[1,2]. Wetland plays an important role in car…     

Estimation of soil respiration in a paddy ecosystem in the subtropical resion of China

Water vapor, energy exchange, and CO2 flux were measured continuously from 2003 to 2005 using the eddy covariance technique in a paddy ecosystem in the subtropical region of China. The CO2 fluxes at nighttime during fallow periods （from middle October to late April） were used to analyze the dynamics of soil respiration and its relationship with soil temperature, and to simulate the annual dynamics of soil respiration in paddy ecosystems. The variation of soil respiration showed a clear seasonal pattern. The soil respiration rates at night during the fallow periods were 52--398 mg· m^-2· h^-1, and exponentially correlated （P〈0.001） with soil temperatures at different depths of soil （5, 10, and 20 cm）, particularly the temperature measured at a depth of 5 cm. Based on the simulated exponential equations developed, annual average soil respiration rates and total soil respiration of paddy soil in the subtropical region of China were estimated to be 178.5--259.9 mg· m^-2· h^-1 and 1.56--2.28 kg· m^-2· a^-1, respectively. The simulation equations can be applied to evaluating soil respiration in paddy ecosystems during the rice-growing season.     

高温厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床中颗粒污泥的性质分析

考察了高温(55℃)条件下厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床处理木薯酒精废水的运行特性和颗粒污泥的性质.结果表明,当进水有机负荷(OLR)在15.0 kg.m-3.d-1时,化学需氧量(COD)平均去除率为86.7%,平均产气量为15.1L.d-1.OLR最高可达24.0kg.m-3.d-1,COD平均去除率为88.5%,平均产气量为39.9L.d-1.颗粒污泥的颗粒化率随着运行时间的延长逐渐增加,运行至260d,直径大于2.00mm的颗粒污泥约占32%.颗粒污泥的有机组分主要是碳、氢和氮,无机组分主要是硅、磷、钙和铁.颗粒污泥表面的微生物以丝状菌为主,污泥内核组成可能主要为磷酸钙或碳酸钙等无机质.     

GPS monitoring of the crustal motion in southwestern China

Through GPS carrier phases observation in southwestern China during 1991–1997, the velocity field within eastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) and its neighbour regions has been established. The velocity of those sites in and west of Chuan-Dian block is mostly 5–10 mm · a^™1 relative to the fiduciary station CHDU (Chengdu), and the motion in Chuan-Qing and Yangtze blocks east of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault is weak with a velocity of about 0–7 mm · a⁻¹. The velocity vector in these areas indicates a clockwise rotation vortex rather than the so-called intensive eastward pushing or eastward escape. The main pattern of the crustal deformation is a clockwise rotation vortex structure and a differential slip along the boundary fault between different blocks.     

Flow-injection microcolumn on-line preconcentration for the determination of chromium (VI)

A rapid and sensitive on-line preconcentration method for spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) in nature water is described. Preconcentration and determination are based on (i) the quantitative and fast adsorption of chromium (VI) on the high surface area nanometer-size TiO₂ (anatase) powders, which prepared by a sol-gel method from hydrolysis of TiCl₄ and (ii) the quantitative and reproducible elution of Cr (VI) by 2.0 mol·L⁻¹ HCl. A mini-column system for preconcentration is developed, Cr(VI) on the mini-column is eluted and merged with a stream water and DPCB (1,5-diphenylcarbazide) as the chromogenic reagent. The proposed system permits throughputs of 6 sample h⁻¹ (0.001 μg·mL⁻¹ Cr(VI)) or 20 sample h⁻¹ (0.1 μg·mL⁻¹ Cr(VI)). The preconcentration factor is 55. The detection limit is 0.8 ng · mL⁻¹ Cr(VI). The reproducibility is satisfactory with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.35% (0.01 μg·mL⁻¹ Cr(VI),n=5). Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Ma Wanhong: born in 1961, Ph. D. Graduate student, Associate professor     

Investigation of Ru （ phen ）3^2＋-Hydrazine-Ce（Ⅳ） Chemiluminescence System and Its Analytical Application

0 IntroductionThbiep ycroidmipnlee)xru ctahteinoinu mof(Ⅱ r)u t(he Rniuu(mbip,y m)3ai2n +ly) atrnids- t(r2is -,(21’ -,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(Ⅱ) (Ru(phen)32 +) ,is a kindof sensitive analytical reagent for electrogenerated chemilumi-nescence(ECL) and chemiluminescence(CL) ,on which a par-ticular review has been presented[1]. The earliest publicationon the synthesis of Ru(bipy)32 +appeared in 1936[2], andduringthefollowing30 years ,theinvestigations relatedtothissubstance were only in…     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.     

两相厌氧生物技术处理环氧树脂生产废水

研究采用两相厌氧生物技术处理环氧树脂生产废水。试验结果表明:经过AMBR和EGSB反应器处理后,COD去除率达到91%,SS去除率达到67%;进水在产酸器AMBR反应后,pH值由6.8降至5.86,VFA由1265 mg/L升至3862 mg/L,酸化效果较好;经产甲烷器EGSB反应后,pH值和VFA分别为7.61和206 mg/L,产甲烷效果良好;经过后续工艺SBR处理后,出水符合国家污水综合排放标准。     

应用于糖果生产废水处理的两段厌氧工艺研究

设计了两段厌氧处理系统来处理糖果废水，该系统由升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）和降流式厌氧生物滤池（DFAF）组成. UASB和DFAF反应器分别在35℃和室温(22～25℃)下运行，系统水力停留时间是2.4d. 在有机负荷12.5kgCOD/m³·d时系统COD去除率为98％，并且在高有机负荷情况下UASB仍能获得较好的处理效果. 通过回流可以调节UASB反应器进水COD质量浓度保持在30g/L以下. 系统DFAF反应器出水COD质量浓度维持在400mg/L以下，并能有效缓冲UASB反应器出水的波动.     

Cu2+对好氧颗粒污泥理化特性的影响分析

以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖和乙酸钠为碳源,在SBR反应器中培养好氧颗粒污泥,考察不同质量浓度Cu2+(0 mg/L、1 mg/L、3 mg/L、5 mg/L和10 mg/L)冲击作用对好氧颗粒污泥理化特性的影响。结果表明,随着Cu2+质量浓度从0 mg/L上升至10 mg/L,好氧颗粒污泥的理化特性均受到不同程度的影响。质量浓度为1 mg/L和3 mg/L的Cu2+对COD和NH+4-N的去除率影响较小,而质量浓度为5 mg/L和10 mg/L的Cu2+对COD和NH+4-N的去除率影响较大。随着Cu2+质量浓度的增加,好氧颗粒污泥的丝状菌逐渐增多,污泥浓度不断下降,沉降性能急剧恶化;密实度降低,结构越来越松散,粒径出现两极分化的现象,而且在质量浓度为10 mg/L的Cu2+作用下颗粒污泥解体。     

Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from 210Po/210Pb disequilibria

Disequilibria between ^210Po and ^210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean （station IV3） and the South China Sea （NS44）. ^210po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to ^210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between ^210Po and particulate organic carbon （POC） indicated deficits and excess of ^210Po resulted from particulate organic matter （POM） export and remJneralization respectively, which was also supported by the decreased δ^13C and increased δ^15N downwards as a result of particle remineralization. On the basis of ^210Po/^210Pb box-model, POC export flux out of the surface waters were 1.2 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 and 2.3 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3, respectively. In the subsurface waters, remineralization fluxes of ^210Po were 0.062 Bq. m^-2.d^-1 and 0.566 Bq.m^-2.d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3 along with the recycle efficiency of 52±26% and 119±52%, respectively. Remineralized fluxes of POM derived from ^210Po and exported POC were 0.6 mmol C.m^-2.d^-1 and 2.7 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for NS44 and IV3. This study suggested that ^210Po was a powerful tracer of particle export and remineralization.     

污泥负荷对好氧颗粒污泥运行稳定性的影响

为实现好氧颗粒污泥的工业化应用,以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,在气升式间歇反应器(SBAR)中培养好氧颗粒污泥,探讨在颗粒污泥成熟后,不同的污泥负荷对好氧颗粒污泥运行稳定性的影响。结果表明:污泥负荷过高或过低都会对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性有所影响。在SBAR中,污泥负荷为1 kg/(kg.d)时,好氧颗粒污泥的沉降性能和降解效果均好于污泥负荷为0.6和1.4 kg/(kg.d)时,其SVI平均为28.04 mL/g,COD、氨氮的去除率分别为91.37%和86.04%。当反应器运行77 d时粒径大于0.6 mm的颗粒仍占6.13%。     

Electrochemical determination of trace amounts of lead (II) and cadmium (II) at a calix[6]arene modified carbon paste electrode

An electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of lead(II) and Cadmium(II) with a calix[6]arene modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) has been developed. Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were accumulated at the surface of the modified electrode via formation of chemical complexes with calix[6]arene, and reduced at 1.40 V. During the following anodic potential sweep, reduced lead and cadmium were oxidized, and two well-defined striping peaks appeared at about −0.60 V and −0.84 V. Compared with a bare carbon paste electrode, the calix[6]arene modified CPE greatly improves the sensitivity of determining lead and cadmium. The stripping peak currents change linearly with the concentration of Pb²⁺ 3.0×10⁻⁸–8.0×10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹ and with that of Cd²⁺ 6.0×10⁻⁸–1.0×10⁻⁵ mol ·L⁻¹. The detection limits of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ are found to be 8.0×10⁻⁹ mol·L⁻¹ and 2.0×10⁻⁸ mol·L⁻¹, respectively. The modified carbon paste electrode was applied to determine trace levels of lead and cadmium in water samples. Comparing with that of atomic absorption spectrometry, the results suggests that the calix[6]arene modified CPE has great potential for the practical sample analysis. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60171023) Biography: JI Xiao-bo (1980-), male, Master, research direction: electroanalytical chemistry.     

The contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 efflux in Puccinellia tenuiflora dominated community in a semi-arid meadow steppe

Rising atmospheric CO2 and temperature are altering ecosystem carbon cycling. Grasslands play an important role in regional climate change and global carbon cycle. Below-ground processes play a key role in the grassland carbon cycle because they regulate …     

Diurnal and monthly variations of carbon dioxide flux in an alpine shrub on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Long-term flux observation is an efficient approachto collect CO2 emission or assimilation data in an ecosys-tem. In cooperation with a series of international coopera-tion programs including those sponsored by IGBP (Inter-national Geosphere-Biosphere Program), WCRP (WorldClimate Research Program), IHDP (International HumanDimension of Global Environment Change), GCTE(Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem) and LUCC(Land Use and Land Cover Change), a lot of researchwork conce…     

Synthesis of meso-tetra-(2-chloro-4-sulfophenyl) prophyrin and spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of cadmium

Synthesis of a new high sensitive water soluble chromogenic reagent meso-tetra-(2-chloro-4-sulfophenyl) prophyrin and the conditions for the reaction of this reagent with cadmium (I) were studied. The apparent molar absorption coefficient at 434 nm is 5.20×10⁵ L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹. The method has been applied to the determination of 5.0×10⁻⁹ (content by weight) Cadmium (I) in honey. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundatyion of China Xiao Ling: born in Oct. 1962, Ph.D gradute student     

Third-order optical nonlinearities for lanthanum (III) complexes with 1, 10-phenanthroline components

The nonlinear refractive indexesn ₂ for the ethanol solutions of 1, 10-phenanthroline (2.0 × 10⁻³ mol · L⁻¹), [bis(l, 10-phenanthroline) lanthanum (III)] nitrate (1.0 × 10⁻³ mol · L⁻¹), and [nitrato-fluoracil-bis (1, 10_{-phenanthroline}) lanthanum (III) ] nitrate (1.0 × 10⁻³ mol · L⁻¹) are first measured, the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ(³) and 〈γ〉 are calculated, and the mechanisms of the third-order optical nonlinearities enhanced by lanthanum (III) are discussed preliminarily.     

Identification of the deposited layers in landslides reservoir and investigation of the sediment yields during the later sixteenth century on the Hill Loess Plateau,China

There are many sediment trapping reservoirs in the Hill Loess Plateau. The Huangtuwa small catchment is selected as a research field where samples were collected in a sediment deposit profile with a vertical length of 12.73 m. By the variation of fine particle content and pollen concentration, 54 flood couples were identified. Taking the freeze-thawing disturbed texture as the sign of the latest flood couple in a year, it is ascertained that those 54 floods should happen in 31 years. Using pyramid volume calculation formula, the sediment yields of flood ranged between 716-30376 t· km^-2, The average sediment yield was 7106 t· km^-2, The annual sediment yields varied between 968-55579 t· （km^2· a）^-1, and the average value is 12629 t· （km^2· a）^-1. Compared with the modern annual sediment discharge of the Huaining River, the erosion rate in the Huangtuwa region 450 years ago was similar to the modern erosion rate. In the period from the 27th year to the 31st year, the average annual sediment yield increased sharply to 31309 t· （km^2· a）^-1. It implied that re-reclamation of the abandoned land in the catchment since the landslide disaster, where vegetation had rehabilitated already, caused very severe soil erosion in the catchment.