重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特征研究

研究了重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰四季的腐蚀性和浸出毒性,并以秋季的焚烧飞灰为代表研究了Pb,Zn,Ni,Cr,Cu,Cd,Mn等7种重金属在不同液固比、浸出时间和初始pH值下的浸出特性．结果表明：春夏两季飞灰的浸出液pH值在10．30左右,而秋冬两季的浸出液pH值在12．00左右,四季飞灰都不具腐蚀性;所研究的7种重金属都没有浸出毒性,秋冬两季的Pb,Cr,Cu浸出量较高,夏季的Mn,Ni,Cr浸出量较高,而重金属浸出总量秋冬两季高于春夏两季;重金属的浸出量通常随液固比的增加而增加．重金属的浸出量随浸出时间的增加也呈增大的趋势．重金属的浸出量随pH值的增大呈减小趋势,各重金属在pH=1时浸出量最大,表明在酸性环境下较易浸出．     

贵州盘县大气降尘重金属污染含量特征与来源分析

通过2012年对贵州盘县大气降尘样品逐月收集,并利用微波消解、ICP-MS对降尘中重金属元素（Al、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg）的含量进行测定,运用富集因子、相关性和主成分分析其来源与贡献。结果表明：盘县降尘重金属以Fe、Al为主,春季Fe含量最高为33784 mg/kg,其他依次为Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Pb〉Ni〉Cr〉As〉Cd〉Hg。与贵州省土壤背景值相比,降尘中Zn、Cr、Pb的含量较低,Cd、Hg、Cu的含量较高。富集因子法表明：降尘中Hg富集程度较高,Cu、Mn、Ni、As、Cd、Zn、Pb有一定程度的富集,Fe、Cr属于自然源。通过相关性和主成分分析,认为Ni、Cu、As与燃煤相关,Pb、Hg与金属冶炼相关,Cr与地面扬尘相关,其贡献率分别为50.41%、28.86%、20.72%。与其他城市相比较,盘县降尘中Mn、Cr、Pb、Zn的含量偏低,As、Hg、Cd的含量偏高。     

重庆市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属含量及浸出毒性分析

采用筛分法研究了重庆市春、秋季生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径分布,分析了各粒径颗粒中Cu,Zn,Mn,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cr和Hg的总量.并研究了在GB5085.3-2007和USEPA-TCLP浸出条件下不同粒径范围内的重金属浸出量的差异.结果表明,秋季飞灰粒径相对春季较小,春秋两季90%以上的飞灰粒径小于250μm,其中春季飞灰粒径为83～105μm的最多,约占总量的40%,而秋季飞灰粒径为105～149μm的最多,约占总量的45%.飞灰中除Ni以外,其他重金属总量随粒径减小呈先减小后增大的趋势,其中秋季飞灰重金属总量除Fe和Zn外均比春季含量高.国标GB5085.3-2007体系下飞灰的浸出毒性鉴别显示重庆市春秋两季垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cu,Zn和Ni以及春季Cr未超出浸出毒性限值,Pb,Cd和秋季Cr分别超出国家标准.TCLP浸出体系下春秋浸出毒性鉴别结果Pb,Cr和Cd均超出标准限值,表明不同浸出方法对重金属的浸出量影响很大.     

江西于都南部地区土壤重金属元素生态地球化学特征及其来源解析

为研究江西于都南部地区耕地土壤重金属污染状况,对所采集的表层土壤样品进行Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg等重金属元素测试,研究其空间分布特征,并采用多种评价模型开展生态评价。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg含量分别是于都县土壤背景值的1.18、1.24、1.69、1.41、5.79、1.25、2.27、1.41倍。单因子污染指数显示As、Cd污染最严重,是潜在生态风险最主要的贡献因子。内梅罗综合污染指数显示重金属超标率达20.7%。地累积指数显示As污染最严重,其次是Hg、Ni、Cd。8种重金属元素变异系数均为0.45～5.14,属强变异。相关性分析显示,除Hg外的其他重金属间相关性均较强,而且与pH存在显著或极显著正相关,因此可以通过调节土壤pH值,降低土壤中重金属元素的毒性。主成分分析结果显示,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As主要来源于人为采矿活动,Cr、Ni主要来源于土壤母质。     

三峡上游支流梁滩河底泥重金属分布及稳定化

本文以梁滩河河道底泥为研究对象,对不同监测断面39个底泥样品的重金属含量及分布进行了测定,同时选取其中五个底泥样品,利用纳米铁粉对底泥中重金属进行了稳定化处理,并通过XRD分析对其稳定化机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明,梁滩河底泥已经不同程度的受到了Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Cd、Cr等重金属的污染,其中As的污染程度最为严重,最高值达到了土壤背景值的110倍。添加纳米铁粉稳定化试剂后,As、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu、Hg等重金属的浸出浓度都得到了较大程度的降低;XRD分析结果表明添加纳米铁后,重金属的化学形态由游离态转变为稳定态是重金属浸出浓度降低的主要原因之一。     

小清河表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征与污染风险评价

以小清河表层沉积物为研究对象,在上、中、下游分别采集6个表层沉积物样品,对沉积物理化性质及Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Ni、 As、 Hg共8种重金属含量进行测试,并利用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行污染风险评价。结果表明:小清河表层沉积物中重金属Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Ni、 As、 Hg元素质量比均值分别为196.65、 53.45、 51.76、 470.43、 2.76、 36.07、 0.58 mg/kg,均超过小清河沿岸土壤重金属环境背景值,Hg、 Cd元素含量均值分别是环境背景值的11.81、 16.87倍,分布存在空间差异性,主要污染源自人类活动;单项重金属潜在生态风险系数E~i_r均值由大到小依次为Cd、 Hg、 As、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Ni、 Cr,潜在生态风险指数的均值为1 185,达到强生态风险;小清河表层沉积物中的Pb、 Cu、 Cd、 Cr、 As和Hg这6种重金属长期处于高富集状态。     

江西省南丰蜜桔土壤重金属特征评价及源解析

为了了解江西南丰蜜桔土壤环境条件,通过Excel、Arcgis软件、单因子污染、Nemerow综合污染和潜在生态风险分别对南丰蜜桔表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等重金属的含量统计、空间分布、污染特征及来源进行了评价和分析.结果表明,表层土壤重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn均值含量高于江西省土壤背景值.所有重金属元素的平均值均未超过国家农用地土壤污染风险控制标准的筛选值.频率直方图显示Cd、Cu和Hg的分布呈右偏,而Cr、As、Hg、Pb、Zn和Ni的分布接近正态分布.土壤污染特征评价结果表明,Cr和Ni的单因子污染评价为安全范围;Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu和Zn均有不同程度的单因子污染,但总体污染程度较低.Nemerow综合污染指数显示,重度重金属污染主要集中在城区工业园区附近以及研究区的东北部和中南部.Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Ni的潜在生态风险评价属于轻微生态风险,而Cd和Hg存在不同程度的潜在风险.综合潜在生态风险评价强风险和极强风险主要分布在城区工业园附近和中南部.Cd、Hg、As和Cu的空间分布相似,含量高值出现在城区工业园区附近;Pb、Zn和Ni的空间分布相似,含量高值出现在东南部,Cr的含量高值出现在东北部和东南部.根据Pearson相关矩阵、主成分分析和主成分-绝对主成分得分受体模型分析表明,Cr和Ni主要来自自然源,Cd、Hg、As和Cu主要来自工业活动,Pb和Zn主要来自农业活动,部分Pb来自交通源,南丰蜜桔表层土壤环境质量总体良好.     

铝型材厂工业污泥中重金属的含量及浸出特性

在分析7种来源不同的铝型材污泥试样的含水率、灰分、pH值等基本理化特性的基础上,讨论了铝型材污泥的化学组成、重金属含量及重金属浸出特性.结果表明:铝型材污泥属于中性偏碱性物质,主要由含量在50%以上的Al2O3组成;各试样中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd及Cr的总含量的分布趋势基本一致,其中Ph、Cd的含量较低,Cu、Zn、Ni及Cr的含量较高.浸出毒性试验表明铝型材污泥属于非危险废物,污泥中各重金属的浸出特性各不相同,这可能主要与它们在试样中的总含量及浸出液的最终pH值有关.     

铝型材厂工业污泥中重金属含量及其浸出特性研究

通过7种来源不同的铝型材污泥试样,在分析其含水率、灰分、pH值基本理化特性的基础上,讨论了铝型材污泥的化学组成、重金属含量及其浸出特性.结果表明,铝型材污泥属于中性偏酸性物质,主要由Al2O3组成,含量在50%以上.各试样中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd及Cr的总含量的分布趋势基本是一致的,其中Pb、Cd的含量较低,Cu、Zn、Ni及 Cr的含量较高.浸出毒性试验表明铝型材污泥属于非危险废物,但污泥中各重金属的浸出特性又各自不同,可能主要与它们在试样中的总含量和浸出液的最终pH值有关.     

钦州湾近岸海域底栖生物体内重金属含量与污染评价

采集钦州湾近岸海域8种底栖生物样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光分光光度计测定底栖生物体内重金属含量,分析评价底栖生物受重金属污染程度。结果表明,底栖生物体内重金属平均含量从高到低为Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Cr〉Pb〉Hg,其中,软体动物：Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Cr〉Pb〉Hg;甲壳动物：Zn〉Cu〉As〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Hg;鱼类：Zn〉As〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd〉Hg。不同底栖生物对重金属的富集能力不同,同一种底栖生物对不同重金属的富集能力不同,从大到小为,软体动物：Cu〉Cd〉Cr〉Zn〉As〉Hg〉Pb;甲壳动物：Cu〉Cd〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Hg〉Pb;鱼类：Cr〉As〉Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Hg〉Pb。钦州湾近岸海域底栖生物均未受到重金属污染,但是重金属积累严重,软体动物体内Cd和As超过了国家食品卫生标准值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-