壳聚糖复合絮凝去除水源水中有机物与铝离子的实验研究

研究了壳聚糖与无机絮凝剂的复合效果,实验结果表明,复合絮凝能够相互促进壳聚糖与无机絮凝剂各自的絮凝性能,显著提高浊度与有机物的去除效果.在壳聚糖絮凝剂分别与三种常用无机絮凝剂(硫酸铝、氯化铁和聚合铝铁)的复合絮凝的效果表明,其中聚合铝铁跟壳聚糖的复合絮凝取得了更好的效果,在最佳条件下,其浊度、CODMN和UV254的去除率分别达到了97%、44%和55%.另外,无论是壳聚糖单独使用还是与聚合铝铁复合使用,在最佳的情况下,都使出水中的残留铝浓度小于检测方法的检出限.     

Evaluation of virus removal in MBR using coliphages T4

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with gravity drain was tested for domestic wastewater for 65 days. Resultss howed that the effluent quality was excellent, and met with the reuse water standard of China (GB/T 18920-2002). Virus removal in the membrane separation process was investigated by employing coliphages T4 as a tracer. Two microfiltration membrane modules, with pore sizes of 0.22 and 0.1 μm, were used to investigate their effects on virus rejection at the transmembrane pressure of 8.5 kPa. It was found that 0.1 μm membrane had complete rejection of virus, and 0.22 μm membrane had significant rejection of virus. In the longterm operation of this MBR, no significant difference was observed between both pore sizes because the virus concentrations of the effluent in both cases were in the same order. Effluent virus concentration at steady state of MBR running was less than 2 PFU/mL. The removal ratios of coliphage T4 in MF processes were more than 10^5.5. The membrane surface deposits played an important role in the rejection of virus. The formation of cake clay on the membrane surface was the main cause of high rejection of colipbage T4 with MF of 0.22 μm.     

水体中腐殖酸含量与ClO_2投加量间的相互关系研究

研究了水体中不同腐殖酸含量和过量ClO2充分反应的过程,探讨了ClO2消耗量及TOC、CODMn、UV254、UV410值的变化与腐殖酸起始含量之间的关系,结果表明:该腐殖酸水样的ClO2最大需求量为2.19 mg/mgTOC,ClO2剩余量和余氯的变化规律相似;腐殖酸水样的TOC和CODMn平均降低15%和19%,UV254和UV410去除率达到21%、49%,ClO2可以有效降低腐殖酸的THMs形成潜能和水体色度.     

预臭氧化去除水中有机物效果及其生物稳定性

以黄浦江上游水源为原水,采用运行水量各为1 m3·h-1的两套中试设备,通过在饮用水常规处理工艺前预加臭氧氧化和预加氯氧化平行对比试验,测定了CODMn、UV254、TOC三种表示有机物含量的替代参数和生物可同化有机碳AOC,研究了预臭氧化工艺对水中有机物的去除效果,并对预臭氧化水的生物稳定性进行了分析评价,发现:在原水CODMn为5.56~6.50 mg·L-1情况下,预臭氧化工艺对CODMn的去除率比预氯化工艺提高2.5%,对UV254的去除率比预氯化工艺提高6%;两工艺对TOC的去除率均不高;预臭氧化工艺出水生物稳定性差,AOC明显大于预氯化工艺.     

温度对生物活性炭处理效果影响的试验研究

针对高温、常温以及低温的微污染水源,采用生物活性炭技术进行现场试验研究.结果表明,生物活性炭工艺在各个水质时期（高温、常温、低温）对水中的有机物的去除率分别为CODMn（51.66%、47.74%、24.15%）、UV254（60.6%、49.99%、17.86%）、TOC（55.17%、24.14%、22.86%）.比较而言高温较常温及低温期生物活性炭能够达到更好的效果.同时,生物活性炭工艺细菌在投氯量低的条件下即可被杀灭,没有增加后续工艺消毒剂用量,保证了饮用水的安全性.     

Analysis of Circumstance Influence Factors on HMBR for Waste-water Reclamation in Dwelling District

Circumstance influence factors on Hybrid Membrane Bio-Reactor (HMBR) process for the wastewater reclamation in dwelling district was analyzed. The main characteristic of this process is that sludge and nitrified effluent can be recycled automatically, which simplifies the operation of system and is beneficial to get the high removal of organics and nitrogen. Based on the analysis of circumstance influence factors, it is recommended that water temperature of about 20℃, influent pH of 6 -7 and DO of 1. 0 mg/L - 1. 5 mg/L in the aerobic compartment. Under these conditions, COD, BOD5, NH4+ -N, and TN were removed effectively in HMBR and the average removal efficiencies were 94.5%, 99.3%, 99.4% and 84.7%, respectively. SS and coliforms were both below the detection limits in the permeate of UF membrane module, and turbidity was less than 1NTU. The treated effluent meets the Miscellaneous Domestic Water Quality Standard (CJ25.1-89), and can be reused multipurposely such as watering of green belts, cleaning a     

生物接触氧化反应器去除地下水中铁的研究

以廉价的河砂为滤料,研究了接触氧化装置对铁的去除效果. 结果表明,当进水铁浓度在6mg/L、滤速为8.3 m/h、pH值为6.8时,接触氧化滤柱中河砂表面的活性除铁滤膜需要6天的时间才能形成,活性滤膜后铁的去除率能够稳定在90%以上,出水中总铁的浓度低于0.3mg/L. 反冲洗对装置的去除效果具有一定的影响,反冲洗以后,除铁能力需要25min才能完全恢复. 扫描电镜对河砂表面活性滤膜的表征结果表明河砂表面能够形成结合紧密的絮状滤膜.     

Evaluation of humic acid removal by a flat submerged membrane photoreactor

A flat submerged membrane combined with a TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor (FSMPR) was employed in batch mode to remove humic acid (HA). HA removal efficiency was characterized by UV 254 absorbance, UV-vis spectra, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The FSMPR process was effective in removing more than 86% of DOC and nearly 100% of UV 254 absorbance, while the THMFPs of samples were reduced to < 19 μ g/L after 150 min of treatment. In addition, changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP) with and without UV were evaluated; TiO 2 /UV was effective at controlling membrane fouling by HA. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distributions and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs revealed that the effectiveness in membrane fouling control is a result of changes in HA molecular characteristics. The TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor caused the degradation of high MW, hydrophobic humic-like molecules to low MW, hydrophilic protein-like molecules, although this fraction was not completely removed during 150 min of treatment and was less responsible for membrane fouling.     

慢滤-消毒对二级出水中污染物去除及影响因素

再生水回用是解决水资源危机的重要途径,但是城市污水厂二级出水中仍含有大量的污染物,对人们的身体健康存在着潜在威胁。为保证再生水回用的安全性,本研究通过探究生物膜慢滤-次氯酸钠消毒组合工艺处理污水厂二级出水的方法研究了该工艺对水中的有机物和条件致病菌的去除效能,并对其影响因素进行分析。结果表明,相同滤速下,生物膜慢滤较慢滤对溶解性有机物的去除效果好,滤速为20 cm/h时对DOC的去除效果最佳;生物膜慢滤对富里酸类有机物、微生物副产物类有机物、腐殖酸类有机物的处理效果均比慢滤好;相同滤速下,生物膜慢滤对浊度的去除效果优于慢滤;在NaClO最佳投加量8.0 mg/L（以有效氯浓度计）的条件下,生物膜慢滤-NaClO消毒组合工艺对军团菌、铜绿假单胞菌均有较好的去除效果,且NaClO对于自由悬浮态条件致病菌的去除效果更优;另外,较低pH值和较高水温更有利于NaClO消毒对水中条件致病菌的去除。可见,生物膜慢滤-次氯酸钠消毒工艺可以有效控制二级出水中的有机物和条件致病菌等污染物,可以一定程度上保证再生水回用的安全性。     

粉末活性炭-超滤膜工艺净化松花江水

为了研究超滤(UF)技术对地表水的处理效果,建造了一座120吨/天的中试规模的膜处理水厂.以松花江水为水源,用粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附作为超滤的预处理工艺,组成了PAC-UF系统.结果表明:PAC-UF工艺的出水浊度在0.15NTU左右,而且不受进水浊度的影响;原水不经过PAC吸附直接超滤时,膜出水有机物浓度和膜进水有机物浓度存在线性关系;UF对UV254的平均去除率在10%左右,对溶解性有机碳(DOC)的平均去除率在8%左右;加入PAC吸附后对有机物的去除有明显提高.     

用改性壳聚糖复配PAC处理洗浴废水的研究

通过对壳聚糖和丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物（即改性壳聚糖、壳聚糖及无机絮凝剂）处理洗浴废水的絮凝效果比较,选择了改性壳聚糖复配无机絮凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）处理洗浴废水并进行了实验研究．实验结果表明：改性壳聚糖絮凝性能优于壳聚糖且用量少于壳聚糖;改性壳聚糖复配PAC提高了洗浴废水的絮凝效果,比单独使用改性壳聚糖时,在用量减少50％的情况下,浊度和UV254去除率提高了11％和32％;比单独使用PAC时,浊度、UV254和CODCr去除率提高了13％、30％和43％;在改性壳聚糖和PAC投加量分别为2mg／L和30mg／L、pH值为中性、温度为30℃等最佳工艺条件下,进行强化混凝处理后的洗浴废水主要水质指标良好：浊度≤5、CODCr≤35mg／L、UV254≤0．090cm、阴离子表面活性剂≤1mg／L．     

粉末活性炭-混凝-超滤联用工艺处理微污染原水的中试研究

对昆山傀儡湖微污染原水进行了粉末活性炭-混凝-超滤联用工艺的中试研究,研究表明混凝剂PAC投加量在30 mg/L的情况下,对浊度有较好的去除效果,但是对有机物的去除率较低.通过膜前在线再混凝,对CODMn的去除率有所提高,但对UV254没有明显影响;本中试对水中颗粒数也有较大的去除,去除率达到99%以上.     

碳纤维生态草技术协同曝气对黑臭水体的修复

为解决强化混凝法原位修复黑臭水体中易形成的二次污染和底泥负荷问题,通过模拟试验研究了新型碳素纤维(carbon fiber,CF)生态草填料协同曝气技术对强化混凝处理后的黑臭水体的净化效果。试验原水采自某流动性差的小型封闭黑臭水体,经高锰酸钾强化聚合氯化铝混凝沉淀处理后的出水作为试验用水,分别研究了空白处理、单独曝气处理、单独CF生态草修复和CF生态草协同曝气处理后水体中的浊度、氨氮、COD (chemical oxygen demand)和UV254(ultraviolet absorption)的净化效果。结果表明:CF生态草具有良好的亲水性、吸附性和生物亲和性,10 d后即可形成成熟较厚的活性生物膜。CF生态草协同曝气技术修复黑臭水体的效果显著高于其他三种处理方式,水体中的浊度、氨氮、COD和UV254的最高去除率分别达到95. 37%、80. 78%、77. 27%和77. 50%。可见CF生态草与强化混凝技术联用修复黑臭水体,可解决混凝沉淀技术易产生的二次污染和底泥负荷问题;强化混凝、曝气和CF草生态修复三种技术相组合的新型黑臭水体修复工艺,在黑臭水体的整治和修复中具有良好的发展前景。     

IBAC工艺对洗浴废水中有机污染物的去除效能与机理

采用以固定化生物活性炭IBAC为主的处理工艺对洗浴废水进行处理.处理后水的浊度、高锰酸盐指数、LAS和浴臭平均值分别为2.46 NTU,3.2mg/L,0.13mg/L和0级臭味,为了保证整体工艺的出水,IBAC进水的浊度要小于10 NTU;通过GC/MS的检测,IBAC对这种水中的有机物具有较好的去除作用.在运行10个月后的IBAC上,人工固定化的工程菌仍占优势,活性炭也具有较高的碘值和亚甲兰值.IBAC的净化作用是以微生物的降解作用为主、活性炭的物理吸附和二者的协同作用为辅.     

复合TiO2光催化氧化含黑索今废水的试验研究

利用TiO2光催化氧化技术(UV/TiO2)、复合H2O2的TiO2光催化氧化技术(UV/TiO2/H2O2)、复合Fenton的TiO2光催化氧化技术(UV/TiO2/Fenton),在循环式浆态床反应器中于低压汞灯模式下对黑索今生产混合废水样品的COD降解及脱色过程进行了对比研究. 结果表明:脱色及COD的去除效率依次为UV/TiO2/Fenton＞UV/TiO2/H2O2＞UV/TiO2. 废水的初始浓度对以上技术的处理效果有很大影响,当反应系统的入水COD值低于2 g/L时,在180 min内其COD值都可达标,色度去除也可在90 min内达标.     

H2O2预氧化－混凝沉淀组合工艺处理黑臭水试验研究

针对H_2O_2预氧化-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理黑臭水效果进行研究。H_2O_2作为预氧化剂,自制无机高分子聚硅酸铁镁作为混凝剂,采用正交试验确定聚硅酸铁镁最佳制备条件;使用扫描电镜对其表面形貌进行表征分析;并与聚合硫酸铁、聚合氯化铝两种混凝剂絮凝性能进行对比分析。试验结果表明,聚硅酸铁镁絮凝性能优于聚合硫酸铁、聚合氯化铝;在整个投加剂量范围内,H_2O_2预氧化-混凝沉淀法去除COD_(Cr)和UV_(254)效果均优于单一混凝沉淀工艺,COD_(Cr)最高去除率从69. 61%提升到78. 97%; UV_(254)最高去除率从39. 80%提升到45. 25%,其中COD_(Cr)去除率最高相差12. 03%,UV_(254)最高相差9. 07%,混凝剂在较高投加量下,预氧化能强化后续处理工艺,降低水样余浊。     

腐殖酸除锰及利用微滤膜分析有机锰质量分数

研究了水中腐殖酸对接触氧化法除锰效果的影响，并利用微滤膜污染机理分析了水中有机锰的质量分数．由实验可知，水中腐殖酸会影响除锰效果，影响程度随着腐殖酸质量浓度的提高而增大；锰与腐殖酸络合形成的有机锰易吸附于膜表面而被醋酸质微滤膜所截留，膜通量随过滤次数的变化特征表明，水中有机锰经3次重复过滤后，有机锰基本全被吸附．在锰离子质量浓度为1mg/L左右的条件下，当腐殖酸质量浓度为8mg/L时，吸附的有机锰量是水中锰离子量的23％，当腐殖酸质量浓度为20mg/L时为33．5％，该数值与采用截留分子质量为3000的超滤膜得出的结果23．8％和35％基本吻合，可以利用这个机理快捷定量地分析水中有机锰的质量分数。     

混凝沉淀-超滤-消毒组合工艺对二级出水中条件致病菌的去除效能及风险评价

再生水回用是解决水资源危机的重要途径,但污水厂二级出水中存在的大量条件致病菌,会对人体健康构成潜在风险。本研究采用混凝沉淀-UF-NaClO消毒组合工艺作为二级出水的深度处理工艺,探究该组合工艺对条件致病菌（军团菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鸟分支杆菌）和大肠杆菌的去除效能,并以再生水景观回用（划船游湖、孩童玩水、叠水花台观赏）作为评价场景,对条件致病菌进行健康风险评价和参数不确定性因素的敏感性分析。结果表明,混凝沉淀-UF-NaClO消毒组合工艺对水中三种条件致病菌及大肠杆菌的去除效果较好,去除率均能达到98%以上,但出水中的大肠杆菌浓度与三种条件致病菌之间不存在显著相关性,其含量不能够完全地指示三种条件致病菌的含量。二级出水经组合工艺处理后回用于城市景观休闲活动中,三种条件致病菌的单次感染概率较低,对人体健康的安全保障率可达70.9%~100.0%。敏感性分析结果表明：三种暴露途径中感染军团菌和鸟分支杆菌的年健康风险值均受年暴露频率f的不确定性影响最大;划船游湖、孩童玩水两种暴露途径中感染铜绿假单胞菌的年风险值受暴露体积v和铜绿假单胞菌浓度值C的不确定性影响较大。综上,混凝沉淀-UF-NaClO组合工艺可有效控制二级出水中的条件致病菌的浓度,回用于景观休闲活动中的微生物健康风险较低。     

Treatment of Organic Compounds in Reclaimed Wastewater for Groundwater Recharge

To study water quality problems associated with groundwater recharge, a tertiary treatment process, consisting of coagulation, sand filtration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, was used in combination with a simulated soil aquifer treatment. The process significantly improved secondary effluent quality. GAC adsorption reduced organic substances expressed by UV-254, dissolved organic carbon as well as partially adsorbable organic halogens. The results of the Ames test show that the secondary effluent contains a high concentration of mutagens. GAC filtration removed adsorbable organic bromine slightly whereas GAC adsorption removed mutagens effectively. The simulated soil aquifer treatment was able to further reduce UV-254, dissolved organic carbon, and adsorbable organic halogens through biodegradation. Adsorbable organic bromine levels were also reduced by the soil aquifer treatment process. The given reclamation technology used for groundwater recharge is of benefit to the removal of dissolved organic carbon, UV-254, adsorbable organic halogens, and rnutagenicity.     

上/下向流生物活性炭处理效果比较

为了优化臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)工艺运行条件,提高出水水质,该文以O3-BAC工艺现场试验为基础,比较上向流/下向流生物活性炭滤池对污染物质的去除效果。试验结果表明:上向流BAC出水耗氧量平均1.6mg/L,去除率38%左右,高于同期下向流BAC 10%。出水浊度0.55散射浊度单位(NTU),比下向流BAC出水高15%,30d内水头损失平均维持在40cm,有效延长了反冲洗周期。在按设计参数运行的试验中也取得了较好的效果,说明上向流BAC相比传统的下向流BAC具有一定的优势。