超声作用对净水厂沉淀污泥絮体特性的影响

采用槽式与探头式超声波反应器处理某净水厂沉淀污泥,考察超声过程中超声波频率(25 k Hz和40 k Hz)、声能密度(0.025~7.000 W/m L)以及作用时间(0~30 min)对污泥絮体特性的影响。研究结果表明:超声后污泥絮体结构被破坏,粒径减小且主要发生在超声作用的前5 min。超声频率越高絮体破碎程度越大,絮体粒径明显减小,比表面积逐渐增大且增幅变大。高声能密度超声波处理时絮体粒径减小,减幅可达50%以上;声能密度过高且经长时间超声作用后,比表面积反而降低。频率为40 k Hz、声能密度为25 m W/m L的超声工况更有利于形成粒径小、比表面积大的絮体。超声波在较低的固体浓度污泥介质传播时衰减程度低,破解程度高。超声作用对污泥p H及Zeta电位的影响均不明显。     

臭氧对剩余污泥的破解效果研究

为研究臭氧对污泥的破解效果,在剩余污泥中通入臭氧进行静态试验。结果表明,随着臭氧氧化时间的增加,臭氧对污泥的溶胞效果有不同程度的改善:污泥液相中蛋白质的浓度和UV254均上升,蛋白质浓度最高达56.3 mg/L,30 min时增幅约为4.52倍,此时UV254增加率达到46.21%,表明臭氧处理污泥的最佳时间为30 min;pH随时间增加逐渐降低,但降低幅度不大;通过镜检观察和粒径测定,臭氧可以促进污泥絮体的破坏,使絮体颗粒变小、变分散。     

不同曝气强度下MBR污泥混合液可滤性分析

研究了曝气强度对膜-生物反应器（MBRs）污泥混合液的可滤性的影响．2套MBRs采用曝气强度分别为500L/h及100L／h恒流出水模式连续运行60d,应用污泥混合液过滤装置测定污泥混合液的可滤性．结果表明：过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加膜污染速率;曝气强度的增加将导致污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量大于10000的溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）浓度增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度的增加恶化了污泥混合液的可滤性;曝气强度大于500L／d也将导致污泥絮体中1～10um细小颗粒和胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的增加．     

高岭土颗粒在聚丙烯酰胺作用下的动态絮凝过程

在不同絮凝剂质量浓度和絮凝环境温度条件下,运用马尔文激光粒度仪和聚集光束反射测量仪研究有机高分子絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)对高岭土悬浮液颗粒的动态絮凝过程。结合显微摄像仪和浊度仪,同时运用图像处理技术并基于分形理论考察了絮凝过程中絮体分形维数随外部条件改变所发生的变化。实验结果表明:随着絮凝剂质量浓度的增加和环境温度的升高,絮凝体系中的絮体平均弦长和平均粒径都逐渐增加;当平均粒径达到极大值后,继续增加絮凝剂质量浓度或升高环境温度,体系浊度降低,絮体分形维数增大,在絮凝剂质量浓度为6mg/L和环境温度为60℃时絮凝效果较好;而后随着絮凝剂质量浓度的增加和环境温度的上升,体系浊度略微升高,絮体分形维数略微减小。体系浊度和絮体分形维数呈现出良好的相关性。     

低碳氮比条件对活性污泥粒径分布的影响

活性污泥絮体的微环境被认为是同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)发生的机理之一,而适宜的絮体尺寸有利于SND的发生。以人工调配的低碳氮比污水为研究对象,采用SBR反应器,研究了其对活性污泥絮体尺寸分布的影响,分析了絮体尺寸分布与SND效率之间的关系。低COD/N条件(1.05、1.98、2.95和3.94)分别通过控制进水水质组成实现。结果表明,大于10μm的絮体大小分布符合对数正态分布函数的粒度分布。整体看来,低COD/N比进水与污泥絮体粒径分布没有显著的相关性。但是,在COD/N 1.98~3.94范围内,絮体尺寸随着COD/N增加,从117.04μm升高到181.35μm;相应地,SND效率从40.84%上升至94.72%。与COD/N比1.05相比,絮体粒径的分布更加的稳定,有更小的标准偏差,具有更加一致的log-normal分布函数形状。     

硝化颗粒污泥的成长特性

研究了649μm、1 171μm和1 571μm三个粒径、不同初始生物量的硝化颗粒污泥90 d内的硝化性能,发现颗粒比增长速率μd、生物量比增长速率μg的变化均随粒径增大而减小.其成因在于硝化颗粒污泥内部生态环境、菌群和生物量随污泥粒径增长发生了变化,可以用引入比代谢速率后的生物量变化模型来描述这种变化.     

净水厂污泥中多环芳烃和金属的分布特征

以南京市某净水厂的沉淀池、滤池污泥为研究对象,采用Udden-Wentworth标准将净水厂污泥粒径分为4级,即3.9μm,3.9~63μm,63~250μm和250μm。3.9~63μm粒径的污泥分别占沉淀池和滤池污泥总体积的55%和73%;滤池污泥的有机质含量比沉淀池的高,在各粒径组分中的含量范围分别为12.64%~15.11%和8.09%~10.27%;沉淀池和滤池污泥中共检出14种多环芳烃,总质量分数平均值分别为556.59 ng/g和468.44 ng/g,其中2环和3环PAHs的质量分数之和为4环和5环的2~3倍,PAHs在各粒径组分中的质量分数分布与有机质的质量分数分布一致,PAHs在250μm和63μm的粒径组分中的质量分数较高,在63~250μm粒径组分中质量分数相对较低;污泥粒径和有机质质量分数影响污泥中金属浓度的分布,沉淀池和滤池污泥中8种金属(Al,Fe,Cd,Cu,Cr,Pb,Mn和Zn)在63μm的粒径组分中质量分数相对较高。     

好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养与污泥特性分析

为研究不同沉淀时间对污泥颗粒化过程的影响,采用序批式反应器,通过逐步缩短沉淀时间快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥.研究结果表明:在此过程中,污泥浓度逐渐降低,沉降性逐渐改善,污泥中无机质含量逐渐增加;不同沉淀时间所培养的污泥粒径不同,且污泥平均粒径与沉淀时间具有很好的负相关性;只有沉淀时间小于5min,才能形成颗粒污泥.污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量分析结果表明多糖在污泥颗粒化过程中起主要作用;在沉淀时间从7 min缩短至5 min的污泥颗粒化过程中,胞外聚合物中多糖的含量(以VSS计)由(140.98±19.54) mg/g增加到(310.79±50.86) mg/g;缩短沉淀时间是序批式反应器中快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的有效策略,且污泥快速好氧颗粒化要求的沉淀时间不能长于5 min.     

爆炸冲击波破解剩余污泥的实验研究

为研究爆炸冲击波对剩余污泥的破解效果,进行了两种炸药(RDX和TNT)在不同装药量(10g和70g)和不同污泥质量浓度(20~50g·L^-1)下的实验,以破解前后的化学需氧量、肽聚糖、蛋白质的质量浓度及污泥粒径分布(D50)为指标进行评价.结果表明:随着装药量从10g增加到70g,各浓度检测指标均呈增加趋势,RDX的效果优于TNT;破解后的D50受炸药种类影响不大,均从约36μm降至约24μm.在70g装药量下,随着污泥质量浓度的增加,各浓度检测指标同样呈增加趋势,但对应的增长率主要呈先升后降的趋势;无论RDX还是TNT,爆炸破解后的D50均约24μm,污泥质量浓度的变化对其影响不大.     

化学辅助除磷机理研究

针对化学辅助除磷过程中化学、生物同时作用机理进行实验研究.结果表明:化学辅助除磷过程中发生生物与化学协同作用;化学絮凝剂对活性污泥生物絮体除磷作用既有正面影响也有负面影响,投药量/总磷初始量30时,投药量/总磷初始量与总磷去除率间呈线性关系,总磷去除率最高达到84.44%;化学絮凝剂的投加使活性污泥混合液电导率由51.14ms/m增加到52.30 ms/m,颗粒表面电位由-13.2 mV降到-9.1mV,有利于胶体脱稳沉淀和电性中和作用的发挥,对污泥沉降性能影响不明显;化学絮凝剂与活性污泥生物絮体表面发生了化学反应,使絮体表面孔隙明显减少,絮体更加密实;投药量超过10mg时,生物絮体胞外聚合物总量减少,蛋白质和多糖的比例提高,核酸比例降低,增强了生物絮体的桥联作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.