Rapid growth of ZnO hexagonal tubes by direct microwave heating

Zinc oxide hexagonal tubular crystals were synthesized by direct microwave heating from ZnO powders within 5 min without any metal catalysts or transport agents. ZnO source materials were evaporated from the high-temperature zone in an enclosure, and crystals were grown on the self-source substrate in an appropriate condition. The ZnO vapor formed in the high-temperature zone can deposit and grow on the powders located in the low-temperature zone to form crystals. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that these products are hexagonal tube crystals with 80 μm in diameter and 250 μm in length, having a well faceted end and side surface. A possible growth mechanism and the influence of reaction temperature on the formation of crystalline ZnO hexagonal tubes were presented. The photoluminescence (PL) exhibits strong ultraviolet emission at room temperature, indicating the potential applications in short-wave light-emitting photonic devices.     

陶瓷材料微波加工用高均匀度多模谐振腔的研究

微波能作为一种新型能源,用于陶瓷材料的加工具有广阔的应用前景。如何改善微波加热时的均匀性,是实现微波加工陶瓷的关键技术之一。基于旋转场天线原理,建立了一种新型的多模谐振腔。采用了３ｄＢ桥及相互垂直的耦合孔,从而在谐振腔内形成旋转的电磁场,大大改善了加热均匀性。与频率２４５０ＭＨｚ、输出功率５ｋＷ的微波源相配合,建立的加热系统结构简单,加热特性优良,尤其适合于大尺寸陶瓷材料的微波加工。对Ａｌ２Ｏ３,ＺｒＯ２,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４等先进陶瓷成功地进行了烧结。     

核壳型钴碳纳米颗粒的微波法制备

以硝酸钴为钴源,葡萄糖为碳源,乙二醇做溶剂,水合肼做还原剂,使用微波加热的方法两步合成核壳结构的纳米颗粒。用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物进行表征。结果表明:产物为核壳结构的球形碳包钴纳米颗粒,尺寸分布在300-500 nm,晶化程度较高。     

一水硬铝石矿-氢氧化钠体系微波焙烧相变规律

以饱和氢氧化钠溶液为添加剂,利用微波加热对一水硬铝石矿进行焙烧处理. 考察微波焙烧温度和氢氧化钠添加量对一水硬铝石矿-氢氧化钠体系相变规律的影响,并对微波加热和常规加热得出的焙烧产物做物相结构的比较. 利用X射线衍射分析和扫描电子显微镜技术对熟料的物相结构和微观形貌进行分析. 结果表明微波加热促进氢氧化钠快速并充分的与一水硬铝石矿反应. 与常规加热相比,微波加热在更低的温度下能生成更多铝酸钠物相. 微波加热后的熟料疏松多孔,有利于后续溶出处理.     

活性炭微波加热制备装置的仿真设计

活性炭在石化、电力、化工、临床医疗、环保等多个行业中广泛应用,其市场需求量也与日俱增.研究表明,相对于传统方法,微波法制备的活性炭具有孔隙结构更发达,比表面积更大,孔隙结构分布更均匀等优势.然而,这些研究都局限于实验室层面,现有的微波加热装置普遍存在热点、热失控和加热效率低下等问题.这严重限制了微波能在活性炭工业制备中的大规模应用.针对上述问题,本文以国内大量存在的竹子为研究对象,提出了一种可用于活性炭制备的微波均匀加热装置设计方案.通过多物理场仿真计算,以原材料的受热均匀性及装置的能量馈入率为考核标准,采用参数扫描分析的方法对装置参数进行了优化,得到了S11参数为-26.81dB,温度场的变异系数为0.2834的加热装置.此外,本文还结合参数扫描过程以及不同算法的运用,验证了该仿真计算的鲁棒性和准确性.该文章的工作对当前的活性炭工业制备装置的设计具有重要指导意义.     

考虑磁控管不稳定性的微波徳拜介质加热

实际工作中的磁控管输出微波的功率,相位和频率均是不稳定的.本文采用有限元(FEM)计算方法,结合蛙跳技术首次模拟了考虑磁控管不稳定性时微波对矩形谐振腔中徳拜介质的加热.结果表明,磁控管的不稳定性会严重影响到微波对矩形谐振腔体中徳拜介质的加热,尤其是被加热的介质物理尺寸较小的时候这种影响更为明显.磁控管的不稳定性还会影响到微波加热的可重复性,因此在设计微波化学反应器,计算以磁控管作为微波源的微波加热时必须要考虑磁控管的不稳定性.本文建议在研究微波化学反应机理时采用稳定性更好的固态源.     

微波炉加热圆柱形食物的温度分布

微波热效应的发现带来了厨房革命,微波能因其作用的整体性特点成为高效热源,微波炉成为食品的重要加工设备。但是微波加热的食物产品常因受热不匀出现质量问题,并导致能源和物质资源的浪费。为了找出微波能作用饼形食物形成的温度分布规律,介绍了微波加热的原理和特性,分析了微波能在食物中的作用过程,由能量守恒及转化定律,推导出了圆柱形食物的温度分布计算式,并用MATLAB软件进行数值计算得到其分布规律。     

Nucleation and crystallization of tailing-based glass-ceramics by microwave heating

The effect of microwave radiation on the nucleation and crystallization of tailing-based glass-ceramics was investigated using a 2.45 GHz multimode microwave cavity. Tailing-based glass samples were prepared from Shandong gold tailings and Guyang iron tailings utilizing a conventional glass melting technique. For comparison, the tailing-based glass samples were crystallized using two different heat-treatment meth-ods:conventional heating and hybrid microwave heating. The nucleation and crystallization temperatures were determined by performing a dif-ferential thermal analysis of the quenched tailing-based glass. The prepared glass-ceramic samples were further characterized by Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal expansion coefficient measurements, and scanning electron micros-copy. The results demonstrated that hybrid microwave heating could be successfully used to crystallize the tailing-based glass, reduce the proc-essing time, and decrease the crystallization temperature. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nucleation and crystallization mechanism of the hybrid microwave heating process slightly differs from that of the conventional heating process.     

微波加热技术在清除道路积冰中的应用

在我国北方寒冷地区的冬季,道路积冰严重妨碍交通,并且现有设备不能有效地对其清除.针对这种状况,提出了应用微波加热技术清除道路积冰的设想,并通过理论分析和实验证实了冰不易吸收微波,而路面材料能够吸收大量微波.因此,微波能够透过冰层加热路面,使贴近路面的冰层融化,消除冰层与路面之间的结合力,以便很容易地利用除冰机械对其清除.在参考了现有的各种清冰除雪机的基础上,设计出了专门用于清除道路积冰的微波除冰机原理图.     

Synthesis of uniform silver nanoparticles by a microwave method in polyethylene glycol with the assistant of polyvinylpyrrolidone

We described a method for the rapid synthesis of uniform silver nanoparticles(NPs) under microwave heating, using poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) as reducing agent and solvent and poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)(PVP) as capping agent. The transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and UV-Vis extinction spectra were used to characterize the size and uniformity of the silver NPs. At the same reaction temperature, the products with microwave heating were more uniform than that with oil heating. We also investigated the influence of reaction temperature, microwave power, and molar ratio of PVP to AgNO3. In our experiments, uniform silver NPs with mean diameter of 50 nm were synthesized at 140 ℃ under 700 W microwave irradiation with PVP/AgNO3 molar ratio of 5︰1.     

Influence of microwave treatment on grinding and dissociation characteristics of vanadium titano-magnetite

The effect of microwave treatment on the grinding and dissociation characteristics of vanadium titano-magnetite(VTM) ore were investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), nitrogen absorption measurements, particle size distribution measurements, X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis, and magnetic separation. SEM analysis showed that microfractures appeared in the microwave-treated VTM, which is attributed to the microwaves' selective heating characteristic and the differential expansion between minerals and gangues. Nitrogen absorption showed that the microfractures were more pronounced when the microwave heating time was increased. Particle size distribution analysis showed that microwave treatment could improve the grindability of the VTM, thus increasing the weight percent of the fine-ground product. The increase in grindability was more significant with prolonged heating time. Moreover, the particle size distribution of the fine-ground product changed only slightly after the microwave treatment. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of the microwave-treated VTM increased with increasing microwave heating time. The magnetic separation tests revealed that the separation efficiency increased as a result of the intergranular fractures generated by microwave treatment. The Fe grade of the magnetic fraction of microwave-treated VTM was 1.72% higher than that of the raw ore. We concluded that the microwave treatment was beneficial, especially for the mineral processing characteristics.     

Carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore through conventional heating and microwave heating

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of Mn O to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应研究

采用微波加热和常规加热对锰矿粉的碳热还原反应进行了研究.利用热重分析仪研究温度、粒度和碳氧原子摩尔数比等因素对微波场中锰矿粉碳热还原反应速率的影响,并通过拟合得到碳热还原反应过程动力学方程,进而得到微波加热相对于常规加热碳热还原的速率增加因子Q.实验结果表明:在微波加热时,随着碳氧原子摩尔数比的升高,物料升温速率随之提高;同时,反应前期升温速率较大,随着反应的进行,升温速率逐渐降低.提高碳氧原子摩尔数比和温度,微波加热碳热还原反应速率加快.减小粒度可以提高反应速率,但当粒度减小到150目时,进一步减小粒度后,反应速率不会有明显的提高.相同的温度和保温时间下,微波加热失重率远大于常规加热,微波加热的促进作用在低温和低温反应后期更为显著.     

菜籽油及菜籽色拉质量在微波下的变化

就菜籽油及菜籽色拉油在微波下的质量变化进行了研究，结果表明：菜籽油及菜籽色拉油的羰基值，过氧化值，丙二醛，酸值随微波加热时间延长而升高，质量明显下降。除了菜籽色拉油过氧化值与微波加热时间具有显著相关性，以及菜籽油的过氧化值与微波加热时间均具有极显著相关性以外，菜籽油及菜籽色拉油的酸值，丙二醛，羰基值与微波加热时间也具有极显著相关性。     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

微波等离子体电子回旋共振放电粒子模拟分析

电子回旋共振放电产生的等离子体在微电子工业中材料加工、空间电推进方面有着广泛的应用。为了研究微波等离子体电子回旋共振的放电特性,使电子回旋共振放电产生的等离子体密度和能量转换效率更高,建立了微波等离子体电子回旋共振放电的1D3V模型,描述了带电粒子在外加静磁场、微波场共同作用下的微观运动。结果表明:微波频率为2.45 GHz时,随着静磁场磁感应强度的增加,平均电子能量先持续增大达到峰值,随后又不断地减小,且在0.087 5 T时电子加速效果最明显,结果符合电子的回旋频率公式,验证了该模型的正确性;共振区域内,发现在0.087 5 T磁感应强度下,微波频率为2.45 GHz下拟合的电子速度分布才与微波电场分布趋势相似,说明微波电场推动了电子运动。这为进一步研究微波等离子体放电的粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗碰撞模拟奠定了基础,也为进一步研究微波等离子体源中粒子产生效率及微波等离子体源的物理性质提供了重要参考。     

水玻璃砂微波加热过程温度场测试与分析

通过系统测试和分析水玻璃砂在微波加热过程中的温度场,揭示了水玻璃砂微波加热的快速升温及型芯内外同时升温等特性。通过实验和分析,探讨了形成这些特性的原因。提出了微波加热过程中水玻璃砂型芯的升温主要依赖于水玻璃对微波的吸收的观点。     

烟煤中黄铁矿夹杂物的原位微波化学反应

微波电磁辐射穿透煤颗粒组织，引激颗粒内部黄铁矿夹杂物与其毗邻的有机组分之间的原位微波化学反频，黄铁矿原相转化成磁黄铁矿和陨硫铁新相。Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ数据表明，新相配合物中心Ｆｅ＾２＋离子的电子结构，自旋状态，成键性质与内禀磁性较原相均有明显变化。     

离子通道特性研究

简述了在等离子体加载高功率微波器件中的离子通道的研究背景及物理机制，利用电磁场理论导出了离子通道的聚束条件和通道半径的表达式，并对各区域的相对介电常数作了分析。     

微波辐射用于处理和开采岩石的研究进展

微波辐射具有加热速度快、选择性加热、体积式加热、易于控制、高效、安全等特点。针对目前岩石破碎高成本高能耗、煤层气和油页岩无法高效开发等缺点,本文详细介绍和评述了微波辐射在处理和开采岩石中的应用。分析表明,微波辐射可以在岩石内部诱导产生热应力,进一步产生和延伸岩石内部的裂缝,从而达到预处理岩石和煤岩的作用;微波对煤岩有脱硫的作用;还可以加热煤层气和油页岩,帮助煤层气解析和油页岩的热解,从而对两种非常规油气资源进行原位开采。总结认为,精确描述不同岩石的介电特性、优化微波辐射的功率和时间、计算机数值模型考虑化学反应的影响、研发大规模微波发生器下入井下是今后的发展方向。