斜卧青霉纤维素酶的研究——Ⅰ.JU_1菌株的产酶及酶作用条件

目前国内外对纤维素酶的研究多集中于木霉。但木霉毒性嫌疑大,在食品发酵工业中的应用受到限制。我们通过筛选和诱变选育,得到了一株斜卧青霉的纤维素酶抗降解物阻遏高产突变株—JU1,产酶能力近似于国内外的一些优良木霉菌株。对它的产酶条件及酶作用条件做了进一步研究。材料和方法     

复合诱变及发酵优化选育染料木素转化菌株的研究

本研究通过对两株β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株黄丝曲霉JS-Q和黑曲霉XK-L进行复合诱变,诱变混合菌株直接进行产酶培养,利用"复杂系统定向调控技术",以酶活为指标对培养条件进行连续的定向调控,在产酶培养条件优化过程中富集正突变株并逐步提高酶活,在挑选出正突变株的同时优化出适合高酶活正突变株的培养条件.最终从优化产酶培养基中挑选到菌株F17和F27,产酶能力比出发前菌株XK-L提高了64.9%和49.4%.用这两株菌分别发酵槐角苷,经测定其转化率分别为76%和78%,比出发菌株XK-L提高31.0%和34.5%.     

抗高浓度葡萄糖阻遏的纤维素酶高产菌的选育

以本室保存的一株纤维素酶产量较高的拟康氏木霉为出发菌株,经紫外诱变处理,用葡萄糖( 梯度浓度) 纤维素双层平板选育,在含葡萄糖(4% ) 纤维素双层平板上获得一株葡萄糖浓度高达10% 仍能产生纤维素水解透明圈的突变株UVⅢ.培养6 d ,干曲的CMC 酶活、FP 酶活和βG 酶活分别可达1145 .7 u/g 、55 .6 u/g 和24 u/g .分别是出发株的2 .4 倍、3.4 倍和12 .6 倍.     

发酵法生产京尼平菌株的筛选与培养

从土壤中筛选到一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株FYS-9,其发酵可将京尼平苷转化为京尼平。通过菌落形态特征、孢子和菌丝显微观察及18S rDNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌株为泡盛曲霉（Aspergillus awamori）。以FYS-9为出发菌株,通过紫外线、原生质体诱变,选育得到一株高产β-葡萄糖苷酶的突变株70C-3,该突变株发酵产酶平均酶活力达到36.15IU/mL,比FYS-9提高39.4%。对突变株70C-3发酵转化京尼平苷条件的优化结果表明,在京尼平苷添加量1.5%,30℃、150r/min转化24h的条件下,京尼平苷的转化率达到97.7%,京尼平的产量可达8.5g/L。     

液态混合菌发酵优化纤维素酶组分

在里氏木霉和黑曲霉液态混合条件下培养纤维素酶,分析两个菌种的接种比和延迟黑曲霉的接种时间对产酶的影响,探讨两个菌种发挥协同作用的最佳条件。结果表明:黑曲霉延迟接种48 h及里氏木霉与黑曲霉接种质量比1∶1时,所产纤维素酶的滤纸酶活为1.163μmol/(min.mL);β-葡萄糖苷酶活为0.606μmol/(min.mL),β-葡萄糖苷酶活与滤纸酶活比值为0.521,比单一里氏木霉产纤维素酶的酶活高,并在后续的酶解效果对比中表现最佳。48 h时的酶解得率为65.61%,高于里氏木霉单一培养时所产纤维素酶的得率53.91%和商品纤维素酶的得率49.64%。说明通过混合发酵,纤维素酶的组分得到了优化。     

关于以甘油为阻遏剂选育纤维素酶高产菌株的方法

应用α-纤维素甘油平板,从一株拟青霉(Paecilomyces sp)经紫外线诱变后,篩选出21株能在过量甘油存在的条件下产生纤维素酶的突变株。以滤纸、滤纸加甘油和滤纸加磷酸甘油为碳源测定了其中4个突变株的C_1酶活、外切C_x酶活和滤纸酶活的产酶常数以及为葡萄糖所阻遏的情况,结果表明:它们的纤维素酶合成的调节机制并未发生改变。其所以能在过量甘油存在的条件下合成纤维素酶,实际上是甘油利用的缺陷型或部分缺陷型,而不是抗降解物阻遏的突变株。     

康宁木霉液态发酵高产纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的研究

对选育的一株康宁木霉（Trichoderma koningii）QF-02进行了液态发酵生产纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的研究。实验结果表明：碳源的种类及性质是影响产酶的关键因素,价廉易得的天然稻草是其产酶的良好碳源。在培养基组成为40目稻草粉4g、Mandels营养液100mL、起始pH值4.8的优化培养条件下,摇瓶培养120h所得3种酶的平均活力分别为：滤纸酶活（FPA）1.43IU/mL, β-葡萄糖苷酶活0.36IU/mL, 木聚糖酶活176.8IU/mL。与商品纤维素酶制剂相比,在FPA载量相同(3FPU/g原料)的情况下,自制的复合酶在水解碱预处理稻草和天然稻草时,总还原糖产量比商品纤维素酶提高55%和40%,葡萄糖产量提高33%和12%。研究结果还表明木聚糖酶和纤维素酶具有协同酶解木质纤维素的作用。     

抗高浓度葡萄糖阻遏的纤维素酶高产菌的选育

以本室保存的一株纤维素酶产量较高的拟康氏木霉为出发菌株，经紫外诱变处理，用葡萄糖（梯度浓度）纤维素双层平板选育，在含葡萄糖（4％）纤维素双层平板上获得一株葡萄糖浓度高达10％仍能产生纤维素水解透明圈的突变株UVⅢ，培养6d，干曲的CMC酶活，FP酶法和β酶活分别可达1145.7u/g,55.64u/g和24u/g，分别是出发株的2．4倍，3．4倍和12．6倍。     

纸浆浓度及分批补料对里氏木霉产纤维素酶的影响

研究了摇瓶中不同浓度纸浆为碳源对里氏木霉产纤维素酶的影响.结果表明:最佳的碳源质量浓度为12g/L,在此条件下第3天的滤纸酶活、CMC酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活分别为1.68、0.96和0.28U/mL.总碳源为15g/L下采用分批补料技术可以有效提高里氏木霉分泌纤维素酶.使用起始纸浆浓度为9g/L,第2、3、4天分别加入2g/L纸浆,其第3天的滤纸酶活、CMC酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活分别为2.41、0.72和0.27U/mL,较15g/L纸浆为碳源分批培养滤纸酶活提高1.8倍.     

添加外源物对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆酶水解性能的影响

研究了8种添加物辅助单、双酶水解蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆的效果和规律。结果表明,在8种外源物中,添加Tween-80对β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶水解的促进作用最佳,可显著提高酶水解得率和酶活的稳定性。在底物纤维素质量浓度为50 g/L、纤维素酶用量为15.0μmol/(min.g)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量为30.0μmol/(min.g)的条件下,添加4.0 g/L Tween-80反应48 h,纤维素水解生成葡萄糖和总还原糖的酶解得率分别达到86.85%和93.45%,较空白对照分别提高了7.34%和9.59%,其中可发酵性葡萄糖占总还原糖的92.94%。进一步考察该酶解条件下的蛋白质和酶活回收率,结果表明:添加Tween-80后可溶性总蛋白质的回收率提高了56.83%,β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶酶活回收率分别提高了16.87%和40.04%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.