螺纹槽管传热和流体阻力的数值模拟

对螺纹槽管在恒壁温和雷诺数(Re)5000～35000范围内空气的换热性能和压降进行了数值研究.分别对25种不同几何参数的螺纹槽换热管换热性能和压降与同参数的光滑管进行了对比分析.结果表明,螺纹槽管的换热性能显著强于光滑管,同时压降也不同程度地高于光滑管;其中螺纹槽深度对换热性能和压降的影响大于螺纹槽间距,二者存在相互影响,呈现了最优区间原则.最大平均努赛尔数出现在Re=5000,几何参数螺纹深度/内径(dl/D)=0.25,螺纹间距/内径(pl/D)=0.5时,是光滑管的3.1倍.最大综合换热性能指标(performance evaluation criteria,PEC)为1.404,出现在Re=5000,几何参数dl/D=0.15,pl/D=1时,此时螺纹槽管的换热能力是普通光滑管的1.8倍,摩擦因子是普通光滑管的2.25倍.从整体雷诺数范围考虑,最佳几何参数为dl/D为0.14～0.18,pl/D为0.8～1.2.     

四喷嘴圆形冲击射流局部传热性能的实验研究

应用萘升华传质/传热比拟技术,对喷嘴组圆形射流在不同喷嘴到被冲击表面距离(2≤H/D≤8),在4×103≤Re≤1.0×104范围内,进行了局部传质/传热实验,研究了不同喷嘴到被冲击表面距离和不同Re数对喷嘴组圆形射流局部换热特性的影响.研究结果表明,实验条件下,喷嘴组空气射流局部Na数呈对称分布,在附加驻点区换热与驻点区有所不同,被冲击表面中心处的换热处于最不利的位置.对喷嘴组中每一个射流而言,换热系数沿径向的变化与单个圆形射流的变化不同,靠近被冲击面中心的一侧换热系数下降较快.     

螺旋复合型槽纹管换热器壳程热力性能分析

为研究1.0×10⁴≤Re≤3.5×10⁴范围内不同结构参数的螺旋复合型槽纹管的管外流动和换热情况,为结构优化设计提供参考,文中采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型模拟了恒壁温条件下壳程流体的对流换热过程,考察了结构参数（螺距和槽深）对流场、温度场和其他湍流特征的影响。结果表明：壳程的流动情况不如管程剧烈,但由于螺旋槽纹部分的长度选取得当,整个流域内都存在二次流,流体的换热能力得到了增强,同时也导致了压力损失的增加;当螺旋复合型槽纹管的螺距比为3.50时,综合换热能力评价指标最高;当槽深比为0.22时,换热能力提升得最多,但引起的压力损失也最大。     

螺旋槽管中单相油湍流摩擦系数与传热系数的统计关联式

对单相油在４ 根不同几何参数的螺旋槽管中的湍流摩擦阻力与传热特性进行了实验研究,并将实验结果与Ｎａｋａｙａｍａ、Ｒａｖｉｇｕｒｕｒａｊａｎ 及Ｍｅｈｔａ 等的公式计算值作了比较．以Ｒａｖｉｇｕｒｕｒａｊａｎ 关联式为基础,通过对实验数据进行回归分析,提出了计算油的摩擦系数及传热系数的统计关联式,其无量纲粗糙高度ｅ／ ｄ 的适用范围为０ ．０２ ～０ ．０４ , Ｐｒ 数适用范围为４１ ～１２０ ,其它参数的适用范围则与Ｒａｖｉｇｕｒｕｒａｊａｎ 公式相同．研究结果可用于以油为工质的螺旋槽管换热器的设计及优化     

电站立式给水加热器传热强化及无铜化运行研究

针对电站立式给水加热器的传热特性和强度要求,研制并加工出小螺旋角内外螺旋翅片管（IOSF管）来强化其传热特性,基础试验表明,IOSF管的总传热系数比光滑管提高63%-95%;工业试验表明,采用IOSF管的立式高压加热器总换热系数提高43%,对钢螺旋槽管替代铜光滑管进行了实验研究,结果表明,钢质螺旋槽管给水加热器不仅能保证原有热负荷,还能提高其换热强度,实现了锅炉给水无钢化运行的要求。     

蛇形管平行通道中高压气体的对流换热特性研究

在高温加压的条件下研究了膜式蛇形管平行通道换热器的对流换热特性,试验气体为N2,试验工质的压力为0.5～3MPa.提出了不同冲刷形式、不同压力下的具体换热系数计算方法,同时给出了典型冲刷形式的对流换热关联式及其适用条件.试验研究表明:冲刷形式对换热系数有很大影响;单通道与多通道的换热系数是面积加权平均的关系;在相同的换热条件下,膜式蛇形管平行通道换热器的换热系数高于蛇形管平行通道换热器;相同温度条件下随着压力的升高,换热系数升高,但升幅逐渐减小.     

水平螺旋槽铜管管外水蒸气凝结换热准则方程

凝结换热试验结果表明，所试验的水平单头螺旋槽铜管管外水蒸气凝结换热系数约为光管的两倍；通过理论分析，得到了考虑表面张力作用的水平单头螺旋槽的管凝结换热准则方程．     

微小槽道散热器流动与换热实验研究

以 0 .4mm× 2 .0mm× 2 0mm的微小矩形槽道蔟为实验段 ,对水和 6 6 %乙二醇水溶液在底部加热的微小槽道散热器中的流动与换热特性进行了实验研究 ,实验的Re数范围为 2～ 2 5 0 0。实验结果表明 :水和乙二醇水溶液工质在微槽散热器中的流动阻力系数随Re数的增大而减小 ;对流换热的Nu数均随着Re数的增大而增加 ;在相同Re数下 ,Pr数大的乙二醇水溶液工质的Nu数大于水的Nu数。在实验基础上 ,获得了相应的流动阻力及换热系数的实验关联式     

螺旋槽管强化传热机理及性能的数值研究

基于Fluent对9根具有不同结构参数的单头螺旋槽管进行了数值研究,得到了螺旋槽管内流体速度和温度分布,从微观上说明了螺旋槽管强化传热的机理。数值计算结果表明,在研究的雷诺数Re范围内(10 000~45 000),螺旋槽管的努塞尔数Nu是光管的1.34~2.01倍;阻力系数f是光管的2.01~6.40倍;Nu和f随槽深e的增加而增加,随节距p的增大而减小。螺旋槽管传热的综合性能明显优于光管,在换热面积和泵功率消耗相同的情况下,综合性能最好的2#管可使换热量提高14%~19%。     

数值积分函数对超声波流量计精度的影响

针对数值积分函数在超声波流量计计量过程中会引入固有误差的问题,对常用的4种积分函数在Re为1.0×103～1.0×107区间的固有误差进行了比较.通过建立超声波流量计数学模型,结合发展管内流速的分布规律,计算各积分函数的2～5个声路的误差,得到了误差分布曲线.研究结果表明:各积分函数的声路数越多,引入的固有误差越小,当Re大于等于1.0×105时,各积分函数的引入误差随着Re的增大逐渐趋于稳定.在声路数不受限制且管路流量检测范围内会出现最大引入误差时,Gauss-Legender积分具有明显优势.当Re大于等于8.0×103、小于等于4.0×105时,Tailored积分具有较小误差,而Owics积分更适用于声路数受限制和Re大于4.0×105的管路流量检测.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-