聚苯胺/聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯磺酸钠) 纳米核-壳结构聚合物的微乳液法合成及性能表征

核壳结构的导电聚合物微粒以其优良的物理性质和化学性质,在能源、光电子、导电涂料等领域有广泛的应用前景。在微乳液体系中合成了核壳结构的聚苯胺/聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯磺酸钠)微球。即首先在水包油（o/w）微乳液体系中制备苯乙烯和苯乙烯磺酸钠共聚物纳米微球,然后在低温下,使苯胺单体于共聚物纳米微球表面原位聚合制备核壳结构的纳米微球。     

基于反相微乳液法的尺寸可控性二氧化硅纳米颗粒制备研究

通过考察水与表面活性剂的摩尔比(R),TEOS的量、氨水的量及包壳次数对基于Triton X - 100/环已烷/正已醇/水反相微乳液体系制备二氧化硅纳米颗粒尺寸的影响,开展了基于反相微乳液法的尺寸可控性二氧化硅纳米颗粒制备研究.结果表明:在其他参数都恒定的情况下,通过改变微乳液体系中上述某一组分的量,可以在一定程度上实现二氧化硅纳米颗粒的尺寸可控性合成.首先,水与表面活性剂的摩尔比(R)对二氧化硅纳米颗粒的尺寸影响最大,随着R值的增大,颗粒的粒径逐渐减小,当R值达到18时,二氧化硅纳米颗粒的形貌变得不再是很规则的球形结构,并且分散性降低,团聚现象明显;其次是氨水的量,随着氨水量的增多,颗粒的粒径先减小,之后不再发生明显变化;另外随着包壳次数的增多,颗粒的粒径随之增大,并且颗粒之间的分散性也有所提高;但是TEOS的量对颗粒粒径的影响不明显.     

分散聚合两步法制备壳交联聚合物微球及自模板制备空心球

采用分散聚合两步加料法,在单体苯乙烯(St)转化率达80%以上时加入交联剂二乙烯基苯(DVB),以未交联内核自身为模板,制备了PS核-P(St-DVB)壳(壳交联)结构微球。然后使用PS的良溶剂THF将未交联内核溶出后,制得了结构规整的空心聚合物微球。采用扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)观察了所得核-壳、空心球的形貌,探讨了核-壳聚合物微球制备过程引发剂用量、单体浓度及交联剂用量对最终所得空心球形貌的影响。结果表明:增大引发剂用量,微球内核聚合物的分子量减小,内核容易溶出;增大起始单体浓度,壳层交联剂含量相对减小,所得空心球易破裂,刚度下降;单体浓度过低可使交联层致密,不利于内核聚合物溶出,得到蜂窝状空心球;交联剂用量增加,所得空心球的刚度和壁厚增加。     

基于反相微乳液法的尺寸可控性二氧化硅基于反相微乳液法的尺寸可控性二氧化硅纳米颗粒制备研究

通过考察水与表面活性剂的摩尔比(R),TEOS的量、氨水的量及包壳次数对基于Triton X 100/环已烷/正已醇/水反相微乳液体系制备二氧化硅纳米颗粒尺寸的影响,开展了基于反相微乳液法的尺寸可控性二氧化硅纳米颗粒制备研究.结果表明:在其他参数都恒定的情况下,通过改变微乳液体系中上述某一组分的量,可以在一定程度上实现二氧化硅纳米颗粒的尺寸可控性合成.首先,水与表面活性剂的摩尔比(R)对二氧化硅纳米颗粒的尺寸影响最大,随着R值的增大,颗粒的粒径逐渐减小,当R值达到18时,二氧化硅纳米颗粒的形貌变得不再是很规则的球形结构,并且分散性降低,团聚现象明显;其次是氨水的量,随着氨水量的增多,颗粒的粒径先减小,之后不再发生明显变化;另外随着包壳次数的增多,颗粒的粒径随之增大,并且颗粒之间的分散性也有所提高;但是TEOS的量对颗粒粒径的影响不明显.     

PSt/PMMA核-壳型复合乳液的摩擦学性能

利用分步乳液聚合的方法,经过制种、合成核、合成壳等步骤,制备了一系列不同粒径的以聚苯乙烯（ＰＳｔ） 为内核,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＰＭＭＡ） 为壳的复合乳液．采用透射电镜考察了乳液的形貌和粒径,四球摩擦试验表明该结构的复合乳液具有一定的极压减磨效果,其润滑性能与粒径有紧密的关系．     

自模板法与溶胶-凝胶法相结合制备SiO_2包覆的对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯微球

为了弥补对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯(OMC)易被光降解的缺点,提高其与皮肤的相容性,利用自模板法与溶胶-凝胶法相结合制备以OMC为核,SiO2为壳的纳米微球.得到的核/壳微球具有光滑的表面、规整的球形形态及明显的核/壳结构.在本方法中,首先通过溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2胶体粒子,作为核/壳微球的前驱体,并对其制备过程进行了优化,得到了最佳的H2O/Si摩尔比及酸的用量.然后利用自模板法使乳液液滴外表面首先被固化,以其自身作为模板,制备了OMC/SiO2核/壳纳米微球.并利用傅里叶红外光谱、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、低温氮气吸附法、X射线光电子能谱、热重分析以及四球摩擦磨损试验法对核/壳微球进行表征.     

PSt／PMMA核—壳型复合乳液的摩擦学性能

利用分步乳液聚合的方法，经过制种，合成核，合成壳等步骤，制备了一系列不同粒径的以聚苯乙烯（ＰＳｔ）为内核，以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＰＭＭＡ）为壳的复合乳液，采用透射电镜考察了乳液的形貌和粒径，四球摩擦试验该结构的复合乳液具有一定的极压减磨效果，其润滑性能与粒径有紧密的关系。     

微凝胶模板法制备具有特殊表面形貌的CdS有机-无机复合微球

采用反相悬浮聚合法合成了包埋有Cd2+的中性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)微凝胶和阴离子型聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-甲基丙烯酸)(P(NIPAM-co-MAA))微凝胶.以这2种微凝胶为微反应器,通过外源导入法通入H2S气体,引发CdS沉积反应,制得具有不同表面形貌的有机-无机复合微球.扫描电镜观察表明:微球表面图案结构形貌与模板的性质有关,微球的尺寸在50 μm左右,且具有类核-壳结构.X射线衍射分析表明复合微球中的CdS呈晶态,属立方晶形.微球具有CdS荧光特征,模板本性对微球荧光有一定影响.     

微乳液法制备纳米Al2(WO4)3

对微乳液法制备纳米Al2(WO4)3进行了研究.分别以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和二(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸钠(AOT)为表面活性剂,在表面活性剂-正辛烷-盐水体系的W/O微乳液区成功地合成了纳米Al2(WO4)3.实验结果表明,以AOT为表面活性剂的微乳液体系制备的纳米Al2(WO4)3颗粒小,粒度分布均匀,其颗粒大小在40 nm左右且为球形.同时还在CTAB/正丁醇-正辛烷-盐水体系的W/O微乳液区、O/W微乳液区和液晶区合成了Al2(WO4)3,并将产物进行了比较.结果表明,在W/O微乳液区能够合成出粒度分布较均匀且粒径在100 nm以内的纳米Al2(WO4)3.     

聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸模板与SiO2空心微球可控性制备

利用无皂聚合和乳液聚合,制备了聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸胶体模板.聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸胶体模板粒径分别控制为363,349,160和56 nm,实现了模板粒径的可控制备.利用制备的聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸系列胶体模板,以偏硅酸钠为前驱体,煅烧去除模板后,制备了不同粒径及壁厚的二氧化硅空心微球.所制备的样品粒径在69～ 405 nm之间,壁厚在11 ～27 nm之间变化.利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪,对乳液模板、核壳复合材料及二氧化硅空心球形貌进行了表征,提出了聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸模板与二氧化硅空心微球粒径调控的有效方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.