R410A-油在φ7 mm水平直强化管内流动沸腾阻力特性

研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在水平直强化管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降特性,探索了油的平均质量分数、干度和质量流率对摩擦压降的影响.实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,长度为2 m、外径为7.0 mm.实验结果表明,R410A-油混合物在强化管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降随油的平均质量分数、干度和质量流率的增大而增大,当油的平均质量分数从0增长到5%时,压降最大可增加31%.R410A-油混合物在强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降与光管相比大约增大10%~35%;润滑油的存在对强化管内摩擦压降的增强作用与光管相比较小.开发了适用于R410A-油混合物强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降关联式,新的关联式预测值与97%以上的实验数据偏差在±10%以内,平均误差为4.25%,最大误差为14%.     

R410A-油在Ф7mm水平直光管内流动沸腾阻力特性

研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在水平直光管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降特性，探索了油的平均质量分数、干度和质量流率对摩擦压降的影响．实验测试管为光管，长度为2m，外径为7．0mm，内径为6．34mm．实验结果表明，R410A-油混合物在光管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降随平均油浓度、干度和质量流率的增大而增大，当油的平均质量分数从0增长到5％时，压降最大可增加50％．开发了适用于R410A-油混合物光管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降关联式，新的关联式预测值与92％以上的实验数据偏差在±15％以内，平均误差为6．6％，最大误差为29．4％．     

R410A-油在φ7 mm水平直光管内流动沸腾阻力特性

研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在水平直光管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降特性,探索了油的平均质量分数、干度和质量流率对摩擦压降的影响.实验测试管为光管,长度为2m,外径为7.0 mm,内径为6.34 mm.实验结果表明,R410A-油混合物在光管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降随平均油浓度、干度和质量流率的增大而增大,当油的平均质量分数从0增长到5%时,压降最大可增加50%.开发了适用于R410A-油混合物光管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降关联式,新的关联式预测值与92%以上的实验数据偏差在±15%以内,平均误差为6.6%,最大误差为29.4%.     

小管径强化管内R410A-油混合物流动沸腾阻力特性

实验研究了环保制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在5 mm小管径内螺纹强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性.实验结果表明,对于纯制冷剂R410A,摩擦压降随着干度的增大先增大后减小,峰值出现在干度为0.7~0.8左右;R410A-油混合物的摩擦压降随油平均质量分数、干度和质流密度的增大而增大,当油平均质量分数从0增长到5%时,在干度为0.9的高干度工况下,摩擦压降最大可增加120%.R410A-油混合物在5 mm强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降与7 mm强化管的相比约增大10%~30%;用已有的7 mm强化管的压降关联式预测5 mm强化管的压降时,误差为±40%.以R410A-油混合物在7和5 mm强化管内摩擦压降的实验值为基础,建立了基于混合物物性的R410A-油混合物在不同管径强化管内的摩擦压降关联式.该关联式的预测值与95%的实验值误差在±20%以内.     

R410A-油在5 mm小管径光管内流动沸腾的阻力特性

为了促进环保制冷剂R410A在制冷空调紧凑式换热器设计中的实际应用,研究了R410A-油混合物在小管径光管内的流动沸腾摩擦压降特性.测试管的外径为5 mm,内径为4.18mm.实验结果表明:对于纯制冷剂R410A,小管径管内的摩擦压降随着干度的增大先增大后减小,峰值出现在于度为0.7～0.8左右处;R410A-油混合物的摩擦压降随平均油浓度、干度和质量流率的增大而增大,当油的平均质量分数Wno从0%增长到5%,在干度为0.9的高于度工况下,摩擦压降最大可增加80%～120%.R410A-油混合物在5 mm小管径光管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降与7 mm光管相比大约增大10%～50%.基于混合物性开发了R410A-油混合物在5 mm小管径光管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降关联式,新的关联式预测值与94%的实验数据误差在土20%以内,平均误差为8.5%.     

润滑油对R410A在小管径水平光管内流动冷凝摩擦压降的影响

实验研究了润滑油对R410A在外径3、5 mm光管内流动冷凝摩擦压降的影响.研究表明,润滑油的存在减小了R410A在光管内的冷凝摩擦压降,R410A油-混合物的摩擦压降比纯R410A的摩擦压降最大下降了19%;润滑油降低冷凝摩擦压降的影响随着平均油浓度的增大而增大,而随着质流密度和干度的增大而减小.基于混合物性建立了适用于R410A-油混合物在小管径光管内流动冷凝的摩擦压降关联式,该关联式的预测值与实验值误差为-20%~+30%.     

R410A-油在7 mm C形光管流动沸腾的压降特性

对R410A-油在7 mm C形水平光管内流动沸腾的压降特性进行了研究,并基于混合物性开发出7 mm C形水平光管内流动沸腾的压降预测关联式.测试段长度2 m,实验工况:质量流率为200,300,400 kg/(m2.s);蒸发温度5℃;入口干度0.2~0.7;测试段干度变化0.2;润滑油质量分数1%~5%.润滑油的存在引起压降增大,不同干度下,压降都随油浓度的增加而增大,压降最大增加33.5%.基于混合物性开发的关联式预测值与80%以上的实验数据偏差在±15%以内,平均偏差9.13%,最大偏差28.97%.     

润滑油对小管径强化管内R410A流动冷凝压降特性的影响

对环保制冷工质R410A与润滑油混合物在4 mm小管径内螺纹强化管内流动冷凝的压降特性进行了实验研究,分析了润滑油对流动冷凝摩擦压降的影响.结果表明,在干度小于0.6时,润滑油会减小R410A在4 mm强化管内的冷凝摩擦压降,最大可减小12%;而在干度大于0.6时,润滑油会增大R410A在4 mm强化管内的冷凝摩擦压降,最大可增加13%.结合已有文献中的数据,基于混合物性建立了适用于R410A 油混合物在小管径强化管内流动冷凝的压降关联式,关联式预测值与94%的实验值误差在±30%以内.
     

R410A-油混合物在7 mm水平直光管内流动沸腾的换热特性Ⅰ.实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在水平直光管内的流动沸腾换热特性.实验测试管长度2 m、外径7 mm.实验工况的蒸发温度为5°C,质量流率为200~400 kg/(m2.s),热流密度为7.56~15.1 kW/m2,入口干度x=0.2~0.7,干度变化为0.2,油的平均质量分数wno=0~5%.实验结果表明,R410A-油混合物管内流动沸腾的换热系数随质量流率的增大而增大;在x<0.7的工况下,油的存在总是增大换热,当wno从0增长到5%时,换热系数最大可增加61%.在x=0.8的高干度情况下,换热系数在wno=1%时达到最大值,然后随着wno的增大换热系数逐渐降低.     

R410A-油混合物在7 mm水平直光管内流动沸腾的换热特性Ⅱ.关联式

基于R410A-油混合物管内流动沸腾换热的实验数据,对现有的制冷剂-油混合物的换热关联式进行了评价,对比发现已有关联式的预测值与实验值的误差最大达到80%.基于混合物物性,开发了R410A-油混合物在7 mm直光管内流动沸腾的流型图,并基于流型图和混合物物性开发了R410A-油在7 mm直光管内流动沸腾的换热关联式.所得关联式与90%的实验数据的误差在±20%以内,平均误差为11.8%,最大误差为26.7%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-