葵花籽油碱异构法合成共轭亚油酸的条件优化

以葵花籽油为原料,碱法异构化合成共轭亚油酸.通过单因素试验以及三因素三水平正交试验,研究了溶剂种类、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量对CLA生成量的影响,结果表明,当以1,2-丙二醇为有机溶剂,溶剂的质量比m(葵花籽油)∶m(丙二醇)=1:3,反应温度为170℃,反应时间为2.5h,加碱量与皂化值的质量比为2.2时,CLA的生成量可以达到较佳值.在较优条件下重复实验,得到较佳条件下的CLA产率为47.80％.     

聚乙二醇在蓖麻油皂化反应中的相转移催化作用

本文以聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）为相转移催化剂对蓖麻油的皂化反应进行了研究．实验结果表明：聚乙二醇在蓖麻油皂化反应中有明显的催化作用，可使反应温度降低，反应时间大大缩短，通过对不同分子量ＰＥＧ催化效果的研究，发现其中以ＰＥＧ－４００的催化效果为最好。此外，本文还讨论了反应温度、碱用量以及催化剂用量对反应的影响。     

餐饮废油酯交换法制备生物柴油的优化研究

以餐饮废油为原料,采用液体碱酯交换法制备生物柴油,研究了预酯化及酯交换反应条件。试验结果表明,预酯化工艺条件：甲醇：油=2：1（物质的量化）、催化剂：98％浓硫酸、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为1h;最佳酯交换反应条件：甲醇：油=6：1（物质的量比）、催化剂（甲醇钠）用量为原料油质量的0.9％、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为20min,甲酯转化率可达94％以上,甲酯产品各项性能指标达到GBtT20828--2007要求。     

α-取代的3-氨基丙烯酸酯的合成

研究了3－氨基丙烯酸酯碳酰化制备α－取代的β－氨基酸脱氢衍生物的反应条件．实验以溶剂、碱、反应温度、反应时间和比例（底物／L,酰氯／吡啶）为反应参数对该反应的条件进行优化，发现当底物、乙酰氯、吡啶三者的比例为1：2：2至1：4：4，以环己烷作溶剂，以吡啶作碱，反应温度控制为0℃时，3－氨基丙烯酸酯的碳酰化反应得到较好的收率．     

青霉素茵丝体中麦角固醇分离和纯化研究

探索从青霉素菌丝体中提取麦角固醇以及纯化的方法,并进行条件的优化．实验证明：以麦角固醇含量为1．2％的青霉素湿菌丝为原料,使用浓度为15％的NaOH溶液,物料比1：15,在温度为85℃条件下皂化2h,选择乙醇作为萃取剂进行萃取,是从青霉素菌丝体中提取麦角固醇的最优方法．选择碱性蛋白酶对粗提产品进行酶解,最佳酶解条件为：温度45℃,时间2h,加酶量2．0％,pH为8．在该酶解条件下麦角固醇纯度可达到70％,提取率为95％．     

正交实验法优选苦参总碱提取工艺

目的：在单因素实验的基础上采用L9（3^4）正交试验优选苦参总碱提取工艺．方法：以浸膏得率、苦参总碱提取率为评价指标,选择乙醇浓度、加乙醇量（倍）、提取时间（h）为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选乙醇提取苦参总碱的最佳工艺．结果：最佳提取工艺条件为用75％乙醇8倍量,提取lh.结论：该提取工艺方法方便而结果可靠．     

Bola型硫酸酯表面活性剂的合成

以聚丙二醇（PPG）为原料，经氯磺酸磺化，再用氢氧化钠中和，得到Bola型阴离子表面活性剂聚丙二醇二硫酸盐．考察了反应物物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间等对转化率及产物的影响．确定了最佳反应条件为：n（HSO3Cl）：n（PPG）=2．04：1，反应温度30℃，反应时间2．25h（其中滴液时间1．5h）；中和反应的温度为50℃．在此反应条件下，醇转化率为94．60%，Bola型硫酸酯质量分数为82．35％．用IR、MS对此表面活性剂结构进行了表征，并测定了此表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶柬浓度ccmc．     

固定化脂肪酶拆分扁桃酸对映体研究

在有机溶剂中利用固定化脂肪酶Novozym435催化酯化反应以分离扁桃酸对映体,考察了反应时间、温度、摇床转速、加酶量、扁桃酸浓度及乙醇浓度对反应转化率和产物对映体过量值（eep）的影响．结果表明,在二氯乙烷中,拆分扁桃酸对映体的最佳条件为：加酶量40mg,扁桃酸20mM,乙醇80mM,转速150rpm,温度40℃.在此条件下,反应24h后,转化率为30％,产物中R-扁桃酸乙酯eep达到92％．     

大豆天然甾醇的提取

用皂化法研究了7种不同原料中大豆甾醇的提取量，实验表明大豆油脱臭馏出物（简称DD油））是大豆箱醇提取的理想原料，对皂化法从DD油中提取大豆甾醇的实验条件进行正交优化，最佳实验条件是：400gDD油，500mL乙醇（95％），50gKOH（82％），回流皂化2h．在此条件下．粗甾醇的产量为26.0g，纯度为47.5％．     

三乙醇胺(TEA)催化合成1,4-双(咪唑-1-基)丁烷的研究

文章研究了以三乙醇胺(Triethanolamine TEA)为相转移催化剂，在苯水体系中合成了1，4-双(咪唑-1-基)丁烷，在优化条件下产率92．6％．并详细考察了碱的浓度，反应时间，催化剂用量，反应温度等条件对反应的影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.