多孔炭负载固体超强酸催化氧化脱硫工艺研究

以石油焦基多孔炭负载SO24-/Fe2O3制成固体超强酸代替传统液体酸作为催化剂,过氧化氢(H2O2)作为氧化剂,在低温常压下用于汽油氧化脱硫研究。分别考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对脱硫性能的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:以DMF为萃取剂,萃取剂与汽油体积比为1∶1,汽油与过氧化氢的体积比15∶1,反应温度60～70℃,催化剂用量3wt%,反应时间1.5h。最佳工艺条件下脱硫率超过70%。     

[BMIM]BF4氧化萃取脱除模拟汽油中噻吩的研究

目的研究1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐离子液体的脱硫作用。方法采用间接合成法制备1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐离子液体,通过单因素实验考查脱硫过程的影响因素。结果在剂油比φ(IL)∶φ(oil)=0.8,萃取温度T=50℃,氧化时间t=180min,V(H2O2)=2.5 mL时,[BMIM]BF4离子液体氧化萃取脱硫率可达87.1%。结论 1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐离子液体对模拟汽油中的噻吩有很好的脱除效果。     

柴油气-液-固催化氧化脱硫研究

从七种金属无机盐和氧化物中筛选出较优的柴油氧化脱硫催化剂,通过采用纯氧和优选催化剂及不同萃取剂对柴油进行气-液-固三相催化氧化脱硫研究。实验表明,选用Al2O3作氧化催化剂,以含水糠醛溶液作脱硫萃取剂,在搅拌速度700r/min、催化剂用量5%(W)、反应温度140℃、氧化时间90min和充氧压力0.6MPa的操作条件下,对直馏柴油进行催化氧化脱硫,其硫含量由1441μg/g降到262μg/g,脱硫率达到81.8%。     

氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑盐的合成、表征及脱硫研究

N-甲基咪唑与氯代正丁烷亲核取代生成产物氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑盐([BMIM]Cl),其分子结构经FT-IR、13C-NMR、UV、MS等表征手段得以确认.用单因素分析法考察了萃取时间、萃取温度、含硫化合物种类、剂油体积比对萃取脱硫效果的影响.结果表明,在剂油比为1∶1,萃取时间为30 min,萃取温度为40℃的温和反应条件下二苯并噻吩(DBT)的单级萃取脱除率为56.2%.多级萃取和萃取-氧化耦合脱硫操作研究表明:在最优单级萃取条件下,DBT经四级连续萃取脱除率可达97.6%;萃取-氧化耦合脱硫体系对3种含硫物质均能实现85%以上的脱除.     

微波辐射磷钼酸镧盐催化柴油氧化脱硫研究

 研究了微波辐射下磷钼酸镧盐催化模型油和直馏柴油的氧化脱硫反应,并比较了不同萃取条件下柴油的脱硫率和回收率.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下,微波辐射加热时DBT,BT的脱除率比普通加热分别提高了7.5倍和3.9倍.二苯并噻吩和苯并噻吩的氧化反应都符合表观一级反应动力学规律.在70℃和400W微波功率下,DBT,BT的脱除率可分别达到94.0%和91.2%.直馏柴油氧化脱硫的最佳反应条件为:剂油质量比为7.1mg/g,H₂O₂初始浓度为0.44mol/L,微波功率为400W,反应温度为70℃和反应时间为120min.当V(DMF)/V(柴油)为1/4和萃取1次时,柴油脱硫率为64.5%,回收率为97.6%,当提高V(DMF)/V(柴油)或萃取次数,柴油的脱硫率提高了,但回收率却明显下降.在氧化脱硫过程中,首先过氧化氢亲核进攻催化剂的活性中心Mo(Ⅵ),然后氧化噻吩类形成亚砜,最后亚砜进一步被氧化生成砜.     

柴油臭氧氧化脱硫研究

用臭氧作为氧化剂 ,以扬子石化炼油厂FCC段粗柴油为研究对象 ,在常温、常压、催化剂存在的条件下对柴油进行了臭氧氧化 ,再利用极性溶剂萃取脱除柴油中的硫化物。主要考察了催化剂、萃取剂以及反应时间对臭氧氧化脱硫效果的影响。研究结果表明 ,对于扬子石化炼油厂FCC段粗柴油 ,在以KH3为催化剂、以 90 %N ,N 二甲基甲酰胺水溶液为极性萃取剂、且萃取剂与油的体积比为 1的条件下 ,粗柴油脱硫效果最好 ,最高脱硫率可达79 2 % ,是未氧化柴油经溶剂萃取脱硫率的 1 .8倍。而且反应时间越长 ,脱硫效果越好。因而臭氧氧化脱硫技术是一种具有极大发展潜力的新型脱硫工艺     

直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫工艺中试研究(Ⅰ)

针对柴油加氢脱硫技术设备投资和操作费用高,柴油H₂O₂氧化脱硫技术又存在氧化剂价格高、柴油收率低和有含硫污水排放等技术经济问题,开发了一种新型直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫方法,在此为其中试试验研究。直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫中试装置由催化氧化反应、催化剂再生回收、萃取脱硫与萃取剂回收等四个单元组成;反应器为静态混合反应器;在建立的中试装置上对直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫操作条件进行了优选实验：在表观停留时间3～5min、反应温度60℃、反应物料循环量1000L/h、氧化催化剂/柴油体积比为0.24和柴油/萃取剂体积比为2.5的最佳实验操作条件下,成品柴油的硫含量从2273μg/g降到106μg/g,柴油硫含量符合欧洲Ⅱ类柴油标准(≤300μg/g),脱硫率达到95.34%,柴油收率为97.23%。     

超声波辅助柴油模拟化合物的深度氧化脱硫

研究超声波在均相催化体系中对模拟柴油中二苯并噻吩(DBT)脱除效果的影响.并在超声波辅助作用下,考察了不同催化剂、氧化剂用量、超声波作用时间、反应温度及剂油比对氧化脱硫效果的影响.实验结果表明:在不同催化体系中,使用超声波都能明显提高DBT转化率.在50℃,剂油比(V/V)为1∶10,超声波辅助模拟柴油在H2O2\HCOOH(体积比为1∶9)条件下,反应时间为10min,DBT的转化率可达到100%.     

离子液体[Et_3NH]Cl-0.5FeCl_3汽油深度脱硫的研究

以成本较低的盐酸三乙胺和三氯化铁为原料合成离子液体[Et3NH]Cl-0.5FeCl3,用于模拟汽油(二苯并噻吩溶于正辛烷配制而成)萃取脱硫。通过单因素实验考查了剂油比、萃取温度和萃取时间对模拟汽油脱硫率的影响。并考察其对真实FCC汽油的脱硫效果。研究结果表明,当萃取温度T=50℃,剂油比v(IL):v(oil)=0.2∶1,萃取时间t=50min时,模拟汽油脱硫率可达96.19%。经过4步萃取,使真实FCC汽油硫含量低于10ppm,符合国V标准对硫含量的要求。离子液体循环使用5次后脱硫率没有明显下降。     

缩合法脱除汽油中噻吩类硫化物的研究

将脱硫剂CD-1与Amberlyst-15酸性树脂配合使用,可以有效的将汽油中的噻吩类硫化物经缩合反应转化为沸点超出汽油流程的产品,从而通过蒸馏的方法脱除。模型汽油缩合法脱硫获得的优化实验条件为：反应温度80℃,反应时间20min,脱硫剂与模型汽油质量剂油比为1∶100,催化剂与模型汽油质量剂油比为1∶10,油品中噻吩硫化物的转化率可达100%。汽油中的碱氮类化合物对Amberlyst-15的催化性能有明显影响,会造成催化剂失活。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.