高选择性SAPO-34分子筛的合成及催化性能

以磷酸铝为铝源和磷源用水热合成法制备了具有CHA骨架结构的SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD和SEM等手段对分子筛进行了表征。以甲醇裂解制取低碳烯烃(MTO)为模型反应,采用固定床反应装置,对制备的分子筛进行了催化性能评价。结果表明,合成的分子筛具有SAPO-34结构,酸性较强,在MTO反应中几乎只有乙烯生成,对乙烯的选择性达到90%以上,再生性能(热稳定性)较好,与按照传统方法合成的SAPO-34分子筛相比,催化性能更好。     

SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上甲醇制烯烃反应的本征动力学

在SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上,对甲醇制烯烃(MTO)的反应现象进行了考察,结果证实MTO反应存在明显的反应诱导期和催化剂积炭失活期.基于此,在653.15～763.15 K、甲醇空速3～27 h-1的条件下,借助集总动力学的概念,使用固定床等温积分反应器进行了MTO反应本征动力学.建立的动力学常微分方程采用Runge-Kutta法求解后,以含氧化物集总(MDOH)转化率的计算值与目标值的残差平方和为目标函数,使用Levenberg-Marquardt最优化方法对含氧化物转化速率方程进行参数拟合,并根据各产物集总的生成规律得出5个产物集总的生成速率动力学方程.经统计检验,文中建立的动力学模型对MTO反应主产物乙烯、丙烯和丁烯的预测结果令人满意.     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其对甲醇制低碳烯烃反应的催化性能

制备具有适宜酸性能和最佳物理性质的催化剂是甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)工艺的关键。采用水热晶化法,考察了不同模板剂、模板剂用量、pH、晶化时间和温度等因素对SAPO-34分子筛制备的影响,并采用XRD、SEM、BET和NH3-TPD等方法进行表征,从而考察分子筛结构、表面酸性等性质对分子筛催化剂在MTO反应中的催化性能的影响。结果表明:四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)为合成SAPO-34的最佳模板剂,与二乙胺相比,TEAOH制得的SAPO-34比表面积大(400 m2/g),呈立方晶形,颗粒尺寸较小且分布均匀,具有比例适宜的强、弱酸中心;而以二乙胺为模板剂合成的SAPO-34具有较多的强酸中心,酸性较强。采用TEAOH为模板剂,当n(TEAOH)∶n(Al2O3)为2.02~1.35时,减少模板剂用量,合成产物仍为SAPO-34,相对结晶度减小;当n(TEAOH)∶n(Al2O3)为1.35~1.01时,减少模板剂用量会导致SAPO-5与SAPO-34共生。直接、快速的升温过程不利于晶粒的成长;先升温至90~150℃并维持这一温度,待过渡相态稳定后再继续升温至170~250℃晶化,有利于得到更高结晶度的SAPO-34晶体,此时SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中显示了最优的催化性能,甲醇转化率100%,对低碳烯烃的选择性为83.40%,活性时间为220 min。     

丝光沸石催化萘异丙基化反应的积炭失活研究

采用萘的异丙基化反应合成2,6-二异丙基萘（2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene,简称2,6-DIPN）是极具前景的方法.催化剂中以丝光沸石的择形催化效果最好,但其酸中心的积炭会使催化剂失活.以萘和丙烯为原料,以水汽脱铝氢型丝光沸石（SDHM）为催化剂,在高压釜中合成2,6-DIPN.考察了SDHM催化萘异丙基化反应的积炭失活规律,其原因可归结为SDHM的酸性中心被积炭覆盖以及一维孔道易堵塞所致.     

ZSM-22分子筛催化性能及失活行为探究

通过水热合成法制备了ZSM-22分子筛并详细考察了其甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能以及失活行为。结果表明:过低的反应温度不利于甲醇活化;升高温度可以明显提高甲醇转化率,同时也加强了烯烃循环的贡献,从而提高丙烯、丁烯的选择性,而乙烯选择性变化不大;过高的温度会导致甲醇大量裂化成甲烷。甲醇转化率与失活后催化剂的失重量存在明显的折线型关系,说明不同反应时间ZSM-22的失活机理不同。反应初期主要发生孔道内积炭,导致孔道快速堵塞,催化剂迅速失活,而随反应时间延长,积炭主要在外表面生成,催化剂失活速率减缓。     

SAPO-34和纳米ZSM-5分子筛在甲醇转化制烯烃中的催化性能研究

合成了具有CHA结构的SAPO-34和具有MFI结构的纳米ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD,BET,NH3-TPD,SEM等手段进行了表征,并考察了其在甲醇转化制烯烃(MTO)反应中的催化性能.结果表明:在MTO催化反应中,SAPO-34分子筛表现出很高乙烯和丙烯的选择性,而纳米ZSM-5对丙烯具有较高的选择性.同时,小晶粒纳米ZSM-5具有较长的催化荆寿命,因此具有潜在的工业化应用前景.     

B酸和L酸与催化剂化反应中积炭的关系

采用ＩＲ、ＴＧ、ＸＲＤ等技术研究催化裂化反应中催化剂的酸性质与积炭的关系。结果表明：Ｂ酸和Ｌ酸对裂化催化剂的积炭都有影响，但影响的程度不同。Ｂ酸以积炭起主要作用，Ｌ酸以积炭也有活性，但很快失活。     

金属改性SAPO-34分子筛结构及其催化乙醇制乙烯性能

为了提高SAPO-34在乙醇制乙烯反应中表现出的催化性能,采用Cr/Ni/Co金属元素通过浸渍沉淀法对SAPO-34型分子筛进行修饰改性,采用BET、NH_3-TPD、XRD、TG和SEM对催化剂进行结构表征。结果表明,制备的Me_xO_y/SAPO-34(Me=Cr,Ni,Co,简称Me/SAPO-34)分子筛,其中渗入的金属原子以氧化物(Me_xO_y)的形态负载于SAPO-34分子筛表面,与SAPO-34相比,Me/SAPO-34具有相同的CHA拓扑骨架结构,掺杂金属氧化物能调控SAPO-34的孔道结构和酸度,表现出高的催化性能和抗积碳能力,相应的催化性能为Cr-Co/SAPO-34〉Cr-Ni/SAPO-34〉SAPO-34。反应温度400℃,重时空速(WHSV)3.5 h~(-1),Cr-Co/SAPO-34能使乙醇单程转化率达到98.3%,乙烯选择性98.1%,随着反应时间的增加,催化剂仍能保持高的催化性能。     

Co3O4催化剂的制备、表征及其CO低温氧化性能

采用液相沉淀法制备了Co3O4催化剂，以CO氧化为探针反应，运用TG-DTG、XRD、TEM、XPS等手段进行表征．结果表明：Co2O4催化剂以单一的立方相结构存在，呈现出高分散状态，在室温乃至零度以下（-78℃）都具有较高的CO氧化活性和稳定性，在25℃可催化CO完全氧化500min以上．催化剂失活主要是由于催化剂表面吸附水造成的，微量Pd的加入可以明显提高催化剂的抗水性，失活的催化剂经过热处理活性可以完全恢复．     

丝光沸石催化萘异丙基化反应的积炭失活研究

采用萘的异丙基化反应合成2,6-二异丙基萘(2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene,简称2,6-DIPN)是极具前景的方法.催化剂中以丝光沸石的择形催化效果最好,但其酸中心的积炭会使催化剂失活.以萘和丙烯为原料,以水汽脱铝氢型丝光沸石(SDHM)为催化剂,在高压釜中合成2,6-DIPN.考察了SDHM催化萘异丙基化反应的积炭失活规律,其原因可归结为SDHM的酸性中心被积炭覆盖以及一维孔道易堵塞所致.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.