玉米秸秆酸解及发酵制乙醇过程研究

通过单因素试验及正交试验确定了稀硫酸水解条件下的最佳试验条件为:水解温度110 ℃,水解时间1.5 h,料液比1∶10,硫酸浓度3%.并在此最佳试验条件的基础上添加了有机酸或金属盐离子来提高稀硫酸的水解效果.实验研究表明,一些金属盐离子和有机酸对水解有一定的催化作用,使还原糖得率提高了6.7%,而某些盐离子有抑制作用.采用了活性炭吸附、有机溶剂萃取、蒸发浓缩、原位脱毒、过碱化处理等脱毒方法来提高混菌发酵制酒精的产率.     

芒草硫酸水解糖化的研究

芒草是高产的纤维素类植物,作为能源植物受到国内外的广泛关注。利用纤维素类生物质材料生产燃料过程中,秸秆的水解糖化是关键步骤。研究了浓硫酸和稀硫酸的浓度、时间、温度、酸固比对芒草糖化处理的影响,从中筛选出了浓硫酸和稀硫酸处理的最佳条件。之后将二段硫酸处理的最佳反应条件结合:一段为浓硫酸水解,其酸固比为15∶1,酸浓度60%,水解时间30min,水解温度60℃;二段处理稀酸水解条件为酸固比160∶1,酸浓度6%,水解时间120min,水解温度160℃。采用二段水解处理法,总糖收率为36.78%,该二段处理方法条件温和,不需要高压,适宜应用到实际生产工艺中,因此该研究结果为芒草的进一步有效利用提供了基础。     

甘蔗渣乙醇化预处理方法比较

用稀硫酸、氢氧化钠及超声波辅助碱法对甘蔗渣进行乙醇化预处理,研究酸、碱的质量分数、温度、时间、质量浓度对甘蔗渣预处理的影响.在硫酸质量分数为0.8%、质量浓度为1∶25（g/mL）、温度为135 ℃ 的条件下反应4 min,经酶水解后糖质量分数为17.81%（g/g）;在氢氧化钠质量分数为9%、质量浓度为1∶8（g/mL）、温度为40 ℃的条件下反应15 min,经酶水解后糖质量分数为14.50%（g/g）;超声波能够强化甘蔗渣碱预处理,处理液经酶水解后的糖质量分数达18.65%（g/g）.     

响应曲面法对玉米秸秆稀酸水解还原糖条件的优化

目的研究玉米秸秆纤维素在稀酸水解过程中各个因素对还原糖产率的影响,并对玉米秸秆纤维素稀酸水解条件进行优化.方法针对我国辽宁沈阳地区的农作物种植与能源需求现状,利用响应曲面设计试验方法(RSM),选择酸投加量、搅拌温度、水解时间作为试验因子,建立3因素3水平响应曲面回归模型进行分析,将还原糖产率作为响应值并进行曲面分析.结果 3个影响因子对还原糖产率均具有显著影响(P0.05).所得回归方程R~2值为0.9021,P0.05,足够精度值为5.962,说明模型高度显著,可以在设计范围内对响应值进行预测.模型预测最佳水解条件为温度58.21℃,水解时间2.86 h,稀酸投加量112.55 mL.利用最佳水解条件进行验证试验,溶液总体积为165 mL,经过试验验证:玉米秸秆稀酸水解的还原糖产率为60.45%,此时,水解液中还原糖质量浓度为0.015 g/mL.结论搅拌温度与水解时间两因素对还原糖产率影响较为明显,该模型可以较好地预测出玉米秸秆纤维素稀酸水解的最佳反应条件与还原糖产率.     

稀硫酸水解棉花秸秆制糖的工艺

酸水解是一种既简单又可直接将生物质水解转化成可发酵糖的常见方法。本研究以棉花秸秆为原料,在反应温度为121℃时,考察了硫酸浓度和反应时间对棉花秸秆中半纤维素水解生成可发酵糖产量的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应曲面法设计实验,建立了硫酸浓度和反应时间影响可发酵糖产量的二元二次多项式数学模型,借助模型方程及统计软件求得121℃时棉花秸秆在稀硫酸中水解的最佳工艺条件。通过验证实验得到:硫酸浓度为2.3%,水解时间为55 min时,棉花秸秆水解得到的可发酵糖产量最高,为11.81 g/100 g棉花秸秆。实验通过对棉花秸秆中半纤维素水解条件的优化,提高了棉花秸秆水解制糖的产率,为新疆棉花秸秆的高值化利用奠定应用基础。     

生物质能源开发——Ⅳ.泥炭的催化水解法

以半纤维素含量较高的泥炭为原料,在常压和加压(200℃左右的水蒸汽压)条件下,研究了水解法中反应时间、液固比、反应温度、酸浓度、催化剂等工艺条件对糖化率的影响。并比较了一步法和二步法的转化率。实验结果表明:可用常压一步法水解。其工艺条件为:泥炭粒度100目,反应温度100℃,盐酸浓度1.0～1.5%,液固比10.5～12.0,反应时间80～100min。添加催化剂能提高水解反应速度,FeCl_3有较高的催化活性。在上述条件下有近70%的可水解物水解为还原糖。水解后的残渣可以用于气化。     

微波辅助预处理对玉米秸秆酶解的影响

研究了微波辅助硫酸、氢氧化钠预处理对玉米秸秆酶解糖得率的影响,并对温度、酸碱添加量、预处理时间、液固比4个因素进行了单因素试验分析。结果表明预处理的最佳条件为：微波-硫酸预处理时,温度190℃,硫酸质量浓度为10 g/L,预处理时间3 min,液固比20(硫酸体积(mL)与玉米秸秆质量(g)之比)条件下,预处理得糖率及酶解得糖率分别为44.6%和30.3%;微波-氢氧化钠预处理时,温度130℃,氢氧化钠质量浓度15 g/L,预处理时间7 min,液固比30(氢氧化钠溶液体积(mL)与玉米秸秆质量(g)之比)条件下,预处理得糖率及酶解得糖率分别为1.5%和80.0%。     

稀盐酸预处理沼气发酵原料水葫芦的优化条件研究

以采自昆明滇池的新鲜水葫芦为材料,以酸降解液中所含还原糖和挥发性脂肪酸的含量为指标,研究温度、酸质量分数、固液比和处理时间对稀盐酸降解新鲜水葫芦有机质的影响.结果表明,各因素对还原糖含量的影响顺序为:温度酸质量分数固液比处理时间;对挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响顺序为:酸质量分数固液比处理时间温度.同时确定了稀盐酸预处理水葫芦的最佳条件为:酸质量分数7%,处理温度60 ℃,固液比1 g:3 mL,处理时间1.5 h,在此条件下还原糖和挥发性脂肪酸转化率达到4.4%和29.0%,与未处理样相比分别提高了628%和491%.可见,以此方式可提高水葫芦的生物利用率.     

玉米秸秆预处理优化实验条件研究

目的:探索一种高效预处理玉米秸秆的方法.方法:低浓度的湿热酸或碱在高压蒸汽(121℃,0.1 Pa)条件下,对玉米秸秆进行预处理.结果:从还原糖产量方面考虑,以1%硫酸按固液比1∶5处理玉米秸秆40 min为最宜.从木质素降解方面考虑,相同条件下氢氧化钠预处理,还原糖产量极低,但木质素含量降低明显,有利于进一步酶解作用.     

不同预处理方法对棉秆酶水解的影响

研究稀硫酸法、亚硫酸法、亚硫酸盐法预处理的化学药品添加量对棉秆酶水解的影响,对预处理前后的棉秆进行扫描电镜观察,并对3种方法进行了比较.在固液比1∶4、温度180,℃、保温20,min的预处理条件下,纤维素酶用量(相对于绝干底物)10 U/g、纤维二糖酶用量(相对于绝干底物)3.6 U/g的酶水解条件下,稀硫酸法预处理在98%浓硫酸添加量为5.52%时,棉秆的酶水解转化率为42.63%;亚硫酸法预处理在亚硫酸添加量7%时,棉秆的酶水解转化率为81.25%;亚硫酸盐法预处理在98%浓硫酸添加量0.92%、亚硫酸氢钠添加量为8%时,棉秆的酶水解转化率为70.06%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.