黄土高原区地质环境特征及灾害发育类型分析——以甘肃省环县为例

结合甘肃省环县地质灾害详细调查实例,总结了黄土高原区地质灾害的发育类型,分析了区域内地质环境特征及地质灾害成因。得出以下结论:区域内地形地貌条件复杂,新构造活动强烈,广大地区为黄土所覆盖,地下水类型主要为松散岩类孔隙潜水和裂隙水;地质灾害点分布既具有普遍性又具有不均匀性,沿河谷两岸呈带状密集分布,中山区则分布较为稀疏;区域内地质灾害以滑坡、泥流、崩塌及不稳定斜坡为主,地形地貌、岩土体类型及地质构造是地质灾害形成的主要因素,地下水和植被是地质灾害形成的次要因素,降水、地震作用及人类工程活动是地质灾害形成的诱发因素;坡度对滑坡影响较为明显,20°~50°坡度区间内发生滑坡的数量较多,崩塌多发生于坡度大于70°的高陡斜坡上,泥流多发生在流域面积为0.1~5.0 km~2,沟谷坡度25°~45°,主沟纵坡比降10%~40%的沟谷内。     

“4·20”芦山地震地质灾害遥感快速解译与空间分析

2013年4月20日四川省芦山县发生7.0级地震,地震诱发了大量的崩塌滑坡。利用四川省测绘地理信息局和四川省地质调查院提供的芦山县城、太平镇、宝盛乡、龙门乡、清仁乡、上里镇、思延乡等重灾乡镇的震后高精度航空影像进行了地质灾害体的解译,利用GIS分析了芦山地震诱发的崩塌滑坡的空间分布关系和特征。结果表明崩塌滑坡主要受断层控制,距离发震断层3km范围内分布密度最大;坡度是影响崩滑分布的重要因素,崩滑体主要分布在坡度40°～50°范围内;在海拔高度1～1.5km范围内崩塌滑坡密度最大;距水系400m范围内的崩塌滑坡分布密度最大;白垩系泥岩、砂岩出露的地方容易产生大量崩塌滑坡;崩塌滑坡主要集中分布在Ⅸ烈度区。     

杂谷脑河流域薛城段地质灾害分布特征与影响因素

杂谷脑河流域薛城段地属川西北中、高山区,地质环境脆弱,尤其是在汶川大地震之后,该区域内的崩塌、滑坡及泥石流地质灾害更加发育,是杂谷脑河流域地质灾害高易发区。通过对该区域详细的地质调查测绘,分析和总结了该区域地质灾害的分布特征以及影响因素,得到的主要结论有:1该区域地质灾害具有带状分布、密度大、规模大、高程分布集中及雨季多发的特征;2该区域地质灾害与地形地貌关系密切,多发育在坡度26°~40°,坡向135°~224°和270°~360°及坡高64~663m的范围内;3不同的岸坡结构控制着不同的地质灾害的分布,滑坡多分布在逆向坡和斜向坡中,而崩塌多分布在横向坡和顺向坡中;4地层岩性对地质灾害的分布有着直接的影响,该区域地质灾害主要分布在千枚岩、变质砂岩、砂质板岩中;5人类工程活动对该区域的地质灾害有着较大的影响。     

山西省黄土崩塌影响因素及时空分布特征

黄土是干旱半干旱地区由风力搬运堆积的一种弱胶结、非饱和、多孔隙的第四系沉积物。中国黄土覆盖面积广,厚度大,位居世界之冠。然而,黄土地区地质环境脆弱,地质灾害频发。位于黄河中游东部、华北平原西部的山西省,是典型的黄土广泛覆盖的山地高原,地形高度变化大,地质构造条件复杂。因此,探究该地区黄土崩塌影响因素进而揭示其时空分布特征,对研究黄土地区地质灾害的形成机制以及预防有重要的科学意义。收集整理了山西省194处黄土崩塌的数据资料,并对这些资料统计分析。结果表明,黄土崩塌易发育于直线型坡和凸型坡、坡向为180°～270°的向阳坡、坡高为5～40 m的斜坡,以及坡度大于60°的斜坡。黄土崩塌的发育呈现一定的时间规律性:多发生在雨季(7～8月)以及冻融季(3～4月);多发生在晚上9点至次日凌晨4点;人类工程活动越强烈的地区,黄土崩塌越是易发,越是集中。     

云南省维西县地质灾害孕灾环境及易发性分区

维西县位于滇西北横断山脉中段高山峡谷地带,地质构造复杂、地质环境脆弱、年降水量大且集中,决定了该区属地质灾害高易发区.受自然、气候和人类工程活动影响,全县境内滑坡、泥石流、崩塌等地质灾害十分发育,地质灾害时空分布不均,暴发时段集中在5—9月;暴发区域多集中在人口聚集的澜沧江干流、永春河、腊普河等河谷区域.通过网格划分、选取致灾因子及对主要致灾因子赋值的方法,将维西县按照0.0～7.5,7.5～15.0,15.0～25.0的区间划分为低、中、高易发区.其中,高易发区主要分布在澜沧江沿岸及永春河沿岸,占县境总面积40.43%,中等易发区分布在腊普河流域,占县境总面积6.99%,低易发区主要分布在澜沧江西岸和东岸部分区域,占县境总面积52.58%.     

燕子河流域地质灾害发育特征与危险性评价

为分析燕子河流域地质灾害时空分布特征和发育规律,指示人类工程活动、断裂及地层岩性等对崩塌、滑坡的控制作用,基于1:50000地质灾害详细调查数据,,筛选出坡度、坡向、坡高、地层岩性、断裂、植被覆盖、河流侵蚀(干流、支流)、降雨和人类工程活动10个评价因子,基于GIS和信息量模型,进行燕子河流域地质灾害危险性评价研究.结果表明:断裂和河流侵蚀是区内地质灾害发育的关键影响因素,地质灾害高危险区集中分布于燕子河干流、主要支流和公路沿线及断裂密集发育的中北部区域.     

2023年积石山Ms6.2级地震同震地质灾害初步分析

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生Ms6.2级地震,触发了大量同震地质灾害,亟需查明同震地质灾害的基本特征、发育分布规律和成因机制,为震后恢复重建与地质灾害防治提供支撑。本文基于多源高分辨率遥感解译和已有研究成果对比分析,初步揭示了此次地震地质灾害的基本特征和发育分布规律,并探讨了草滩村液化滑坡—泥流的成因机制。结果表明：此次地震Ⅶ度及以上烈度区内共发育1 535处同震地质灾害,主要为中小规模黄土滑坡和浅表层岩质崩塌,集中分布于黄土梁和黄土塬内冲沟两侧、单薄黄土梁两侧以及大型历史滑坡后壁等局部地形较陡峭的部位。地震因素控制了同震地质灾害的区域分布规律,而地形因素控制了同震地质灾害的局部分布规律。同震地质灾害在0.1～0.3 g震峰值加速度区域、发震断层下盘区域、南东坡向、30～60 m坡高范围、斜坡中部以上20～40 m范围分布数量最多。受广泛关注的草滩村“砂涌”灾害本质是饱水黄土在地震作用下发生的液化滑坡。2016年完成的填沟造地工程改变了滑源区地表和地下水流通条件,地下水通道被堵塞,导致地下水位抬升和下部土体饱和可能是该处发生液化滑坡的重要原因。     

甘肃省白龙江流域滑坡分布规律及其主控因素

以近期开展的区域性调查、勘查项目所得的1031处滑坡数据为基础,分析了白龙江流域地质背景和外部环境主要因素中滑坡分布的敏感区段,以及不同规模滑坡的分布特征及其主控因素的敏感区段,探讨了各个因素控制和影响滑坡分布的内在机理.研究发现,流域内滑坡在以下地段集中分布:中山区、地形坡度15°~45°斜坡区、层状浅变质岩+灰岩岩组分布区、距离主干段断层10 km范围内、地震烈度Ⅶ~Ⅷ度区、小时最大降雨量35~40 mm地区、白龙江及其一级支流河谷两岸以及人口密度大于10人/km~2地区.巨型滑坡更加密集于中山区、浅变质岩+灰岩岩组分布区、距离主要断裂带不足5 km范围内以及白龙江及其一级支流河谷两岸;中小型滑坡在低山丘陵区、松散土层分布区、白龙江二级及以下支流岸坡上以及人口密度大于100人/km~2地区更为集中;大型滑坡分布特征介于二者中间.巨型滑坡对断裂、地形、软岩敏感性最强,中小型滑坡对降雨、松散土体、人类活动最为敏感.     

乌鲁木齐地质灾害发育特征及成因分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市及其和周边地质灾害调查及现场勘测,发现区内地质灾害频发、种类较多,常常损失严重。崩塌滑坡灾害集中在降水、冰雪融化季节,且雨季次生地质灾害成因机制相对复杂;区内地质灾害具有分带分布性,南疆风积土浅表高位滑坡,北疆黄土滑坡及局地泥石流灾害发育,冻土区有冻胀融沉导致的地面塌陷等。     

山西黄土地质灾害的特性及治理研究

通过对山西地区忻州、吕梁、临汾地区的地质灾害调查,收集近两年发生黄土地质灾害的统计资料,并对土体基本物理力学指标进行分析。认为山西黄土地质灾害分布范围广泛,主要以滑坡、崩塌为主,黄土地质灾害的发生受其特有的物质成分和工程性质所控制;并具有地域性分布特点。根据相关规范以实际工程为依托提出对崩塌、滑坡土体采取挡土墙工程、截水工程、削坡减重等工程治理措施,并建议采取工程与生物措施共同实施。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.