美国加利福尼亚州M 6.0地震前电离层TEC异常分析

 针对2014 年8 月24 日世界时10:20 发生在美国加利福尼亚州地区(38.21°,-122.32°)的M 6.0 地震,利用美国地区全球定位系统(GPS)双频观测台网和欧洲定轨中心(CODE)绘制的全球电离层地图(GIM),分析震前上空电离层电子浓度总含量(TEC)的时间和空间变化。结果表明,震前2 d 震中附近区域TEC 相对于前25 d,TEC 下边界限出现明显负异常;通过对全球范围电离层TEC 变化的空间分析,震前2 d 震中附近区域异常减小的时间持续约40 h,且TEC 减小幅度和相对变化较为明显。此次地震前电离层TEC 异常减少,与以往亚洲地区地震的统计分析结果较为一致,但对北美地区地震空间前兆规律还有待于积累更多资料及分析。     

Slip model for the 2011 M_w 9.0 Sendai （Japan） earthquake and its M_w 7.9 aftershock derived from GPS data

Using GPS-measured coseismic and post-seismic displacements for the 8 h following the M w 9.0 Sendai earthquake of March 11, 2011, coseismic and post-seismic fault slip models were developed based on a layered crustal model. The geodetic moment magnitude of the main shock was measured as approximately M w 8.98. The slip exhibits clear reverse characteristics, with a maximum near the hypocenter, and a magnitude of about 23.3 m. Some strike-slip behavior may occur on the two sides of the peak rupture zone. Almost 90% of the seismic moments released by the main shock occurred at depths less than 40 km. The energy released by the fault slip in the 8 h following the main shock is approximately equal to an earthquake of M w 8.13. With a maximum of ~1.5 m, the post-seismic slip was concentrated in the southwestern part of the coseismic rupture fault, which agrees well with the location and behavior of the M w 7.9 aftershock. This implies that the post-seismic deformation in the 8 h after the main shock was mainly induced by the M w 7.9 aftershock. In addition, a post-seismic slip of 0.2-0.4 m was observed at the down-dip extension of the coseismic rupture, which may have been caused by the effect of after-slip during this period.     

基于短波段电离层探测数据分析地下核爆引起的电离层扰动

同GNSS（全球导航卫星系统,Global Navigation Satellite System）获取电离层TEC（总电子含量,Total Electron Content）数据相比,传统的电离层垂测、斜测等短波段数据具有特征参数丰富、高度分辨率高、历史数据多等优点。为利用电离层垂测和斜测数据,研究地下核爆引起的电离层扰动。本文利用2016年1月6日朝鲜地下核试验当天的斜测、垂测数据分析电离层扰动现象。结果表明,本次地下核爆造成的行波电离层扰动为小尺度电离层扰动,传播速度在150.3-158.7(m·s-1)之间。同时核爆发生后半小时在距离爆点421.4 km处,观测到foF2较月中值增加了0.7 MHz,较1月5日、1月7日在2:00 UTC（协调世界时,Coordinated Universal Time)的foF2（F2层临界频率,critical frequency of the F2 layer）增加了0.5 MHz,极有可能是地下核爆通过岩石圈-大气圈-电离层圈耦合机制造成电离层电子浓度增加。本文分析结果与其他文献资料非常吻合。由此可见,基于短波段电离层探测方式感知电离层扰动从而实现地下核爆炸事件的监测,是一种有效的核爆电离层效应监测手段,可与其他直接监测手段相印证,提高核爆事件监测能力。     

Seismicity characteristics of the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>9.0 Tohoku earthquake near the East Coast of Honshu in Japan

The spatiotemporal evolution of the M9.0 Tohoku earthquake sequence off the East Coast of Honshu in Japan on March 11,2011 and precursive seismic activity near the Japan Trench show that the earthquake sequence has foreshock-main shock-aftershock characteristics.Its foreshock sequence is characterized by a concentrated spatial distribution,low b value and the same focal mechanisms.Half an hour after the main shock,the two greatest aftershocks,with magnitudes of M7.9 and M7.7,occurred,followed by a rapid reduction in the strength of events.The aftershock activity was enhanced roughly two weeks and one month after the main event.This great earthquake ruptured bilaterally.Five hours after the main shock,the aftershock zone extended over a range that was 500 km in length and 300 km in width.A day later,the long axis of the aftershock area had expanded to about 600 km.Nine years prior to the 2011 earthquake,the seismicity in the location of the seismic source for this event enhanced significantly,with the extent of this area of enhanced seismicity being roughly equivalent to the aftershock zone.     

玉树Mw7．1地震前电离层异常扰动初步分析

为了研究地震电离层效应,采用CODE提供的全球电离层地图（GIM）数据分析了2010年4月14日玉树7．1级地震．通过插值提取了震中区域震前的TEC时间序列,利用滑动四分位距法排除太阳（SSN、F10．7）和地磁活动（Dst、Kp）的干扰,发现电离层在震前26天和13天存在明显异常．全球电离层异常分布结果显示,震前26天的电离层异常幅度小于震前13天的异常幅度,这可能与临震时间有关．此外,两次异常的峰值点与震中区域并不严格对应,而是靠近震中偏向赤道的一侧,同时磁共轭区也有异常出现,但范围和幅度较小,这两次电离层异常有可能是地震前兆．     

Surface latent heat flux anomalies before the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript> 7.1 New Zealand earthquake 2010

By analyzing surface latent heat flux (SLHF) data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project for the period three months before and after the Sept. 3, 2010 M S 7.1 New Zealand earthquake, an isolated SLHF positive anomaly on Aug. 1, 2010 was found with a high value of about 160 W/m 2 to the northeast of the epicenter. Historical data, background pixels, and wavelet transforms of time series were comprehensively analyzed to study the spatiotemporal features of the SLHF anomaly. After removing the influences of wi...     

利用NOAA数据分析地震前总电子含量异常

利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）发布的电离层总电子含量（TEC）数据,采用从点到面的分析方法,分析了墨西哥2012年3月20日和4月12日两次地震前的TEC数据,发现两次地震前均出现TEC异常,具体表现为：以点计算的震中TEC波形图显示3月20日震前的3月7日、3月15日和3月18日出现TEC异常,4月12日震前的4月4日和4月11日出现TEC异常;以面计算的TEC分布显示震中周边区域在震前出现异于其他地区的TEC增大或减少.     

Storm-time ionospheric disturbances monitored by GPS beacon measurements

The Total Electron Content (TEC) during three great storms, from April to August 2000, was collected by means of a GPS receiver located in Jingzhou (30.4° N, 112.2° E). The time-latitude-dependent features of ionospheric storms are identified using TEC difference images based on the deviations of TEC during storm relative to quiet time. The responses of ionospheric TEC to magnetic storms were analyzed. The results show that: 1) In middle and low latitude, ionospheric storms effects are more apparent in local day time than at night: 2) Ionospheric storm effects are more dominant near the hump of the equatorial anomaly region than in other regions of TEC measurements; 3) The positive effects during the main phase of ionospheric storm may be caused by electric fields in low latitude; 4) During the recovery period of ionospheric storm, the negative phase of storm may be due to the perturbation of the neutral gas composition. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49984001) Biography: Pei Xiao-hong (1977-), male, Master candidate, research direction: studying ionosphere on GPS beacons.     

Abnormally large short term and impending earthquake geomagnetic anomaly implies a possibility of earthquake pre warning

The study found that strong magnetic anomalies repeatedly took place before big earthquakes. Based on geomagnetic record analysis results,we discussed a possible pattern of the magnetic anomalies prior to earthquake. In meizoseismal area or epicenter,in a time period of 36 h to about 10 min before earthquake,the exceptional big geomagnetic change increases with the magnitude of earthquake. We calculated that,in a place of 1 km from the epicenter,the magnetic anomaly before destructive earthquakes of Ms 6～9 can reach to 102～104 nT(the magnitude of earth magnetic field is 104 nT) ,rather than the magnitude of 10 nT from seismomagnetic effect theories since 1960s. From this we speculated the abnormal magnetic ULF near epicenter before earthquake seems to be an "intermittent magnetic eruption". Accordingly,we proposed that geomagnetic induction earthquake alarm can be a new pre-warning method to surmount hardship in solving the puzzledom of earthquake imminent prediction.     

Phase transformation and crystal growth behavior of 8mol% (SmO<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>, GdO<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>, and YO<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>) stabilized ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> powders

Nanocrystalline powders of ZrO₂-8mol%SmO_1.5(8SmSZ), ZrO₂-8mol%GdO_1.5 (8GdSZ), and ZrO₂-8mol%YO_1.5(8YSZ) were prepared by a simple reverse-coprecipitation technique. Differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry (DTA/TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to study the phase transformation and crystal growth behavior. The DTA results showed that the ZrO₂ freeze-dried precipitates crystallized at 529, 465, and 467℃ in the case of 8SmSZ, 8GdSZ, and 8YSZ, respectively. The XRD and Raman results confirmed the presence of tetragonal ZrO₂ when the dried precipitates were calcined in the temperature range from 600 to 1000℃ for 2 h. The crystallite size increased with increasing calcination temperature. The activation energies were calculated as 12.39, 12.45, and 16.59 kJ/mol for 8SmSZ, 8GdSZ, and 8YSZ respectively.     

Effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu<Subscript>71</Subscript>Al<Subscript>18</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>11</Subscript> shape memory alloy

The effect of aging treatment on the superelasticity and martensitic transformation critical stress in columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ shape memory alloy (SMA) at the temperature ranging from 250°C to 400°C was investigated. The microstructure evolution during the aging treatment was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the plate-like bainite precipitates distribute homogeneously within austenitic grains and at grain boundaries. The volume fraction of bainite increases with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, which substantially improves the martensitic transformation critical stress of the alloy, whereas the bainite only slightly affects the superelasticity. This behavior is attributed to a coherent relationship between the bainite and the austenite, as well as to the bainite and the martensite exhibiting the same crystal structure. The variations of the martensitic transformation critical stress and the superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with aging temperature and aging time are described by the Austin–Rickett equation, where the activation energy of bainite precipitation is 77.2 kJ·mol?1. Finally, a columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with both excellent superelasticity (5%–9%) and high martensitic transformation critical stress (443–677 MPa) is obtained through the application of the appropriate aging treatments.     

Microwave sintering of Ca<Subscript>0.6</Subscript>La<Subscript>0.2667</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> microwave dielectric ceramics

Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics were prepared by conventional and microwave sintering techniques and their sinterability, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties were investigated in detail for comparison. Densified Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics were obtained by microwave sintering at 1350°C for 30 min and by conventional sintering at 1450°C for 4 h. An unusual phenomenon was found that some larger grains (grain size range: 8–10 μm) inclined to assemble in one area but some smaller ones (grain size range: 2–4 μm) inclined to gather in another area in the microwave sintered ceramics. The microwave dielectric properties of Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics prepared by microwave sintering at 1350°C were as follows: dielectric constant (ɛ _r) = 119.6, quality factor (Qf) = 17858.5 GHz, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ _f) = 155.5 ppm/°C. In contrast, the microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics prepared by conventional sintering at 1450°C were ɛ _r = 117.4, Qf = 13375 GHz, and τ _f = 217.2 ppm/°C.     

Assessment of damage to buildings and farms during the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> 9.0 earthquake and tsunami in Japan from remote sensing data

At 13:46 on March 11,2011(Beijing time),a great earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 occurred off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan(Tohoku Region).After the earthquake,the Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth(CEODE),Chinese Academy of Sciences,quickly launched a major disaster emergency response to assess the disaster.In this paper,we have extracted buildings and farms in the heavily devastated area that includes Iwate,Miyagi,and Fukushima Prefectures,based on multi-spectral remote sensing data.We have assessed building damage by overlaying seismic intensity and building distributions.In addition,we have assessed the extent of building and farm damage caused by the tsunami through the establishment of a tsunami impact assessment model that is based on terrain and distance from the coastline.The results were partially verified by high-resolution images obtained after the disaster.The results show that about 76% of buildings in Miyagi Prefecture were affected by seismic intensity 6 and above,with 24% of the buildings and 12% of the farms destroyed by the tsunami.These huge losses were echoes at lesser amounts in Fukushima and Iwate.The results provide the support of basic data,which can be further developed by economic and social aspects of the disaster assessment.     

阿克陶MW6.6地震的发震构造及滑动特征

2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶发生了M_W6.6地震。通常震中所处断层的破裂特性与周围区域应力场的动力学特征具有紧密的联系。通过对发震构造断层的精确刻画以及区域地壳中应力释放细节的深入探究,可以加深对发震构造周围地震动力学特征的认识,同时也对判定当地未来一段时间内的地震活动趋势提供了重要参考。首先搜集整理了震源附近的26条余震震源机制,利用网格搜索法反演得到震中附近的应力场,发现该地区主压应力方向为157.36°,倾伏角为1.15°,主张应力方向为66.56°,倾伏角为34.98°,与该地所处的帕米尔高原陆内俯冲形成近东西向断裂的右旋走滑兼有逆冲的背景相一致;然后利用389条余震精定位数据,结合高斯-牛顿算法和模拟退火算法拟合得到发震断层面的走向为103.64°、倾角为65.65°,这与木吉右旋走滑断裂的几何特征基本重合;将所求应力场投影到断层上,得到滑动角为152.77°,该地震表现为右旋走滑断层;最后利用本研究获得的区域应力张量模拟得到的该状态下的各种形状断层面的相对应力分布,发现该地震发生的断层面的相对剪应力接近1,破裂方向与震源区的最优剪切力方向相同,表明...     

基于AETA电磁扰动对九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震的研究

2017年8月8日中国四川省九寨沟县Ms 7.0级地震前, 在震源200 km范围内的九寨沟、松潘、平武、青川、茂县和汶川布设AETA系统的6个监测台。采用窗口为30日的滑动主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)方法, 对6个台站的电磁扰动进行特征分析, 探讨九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震前后AETA系统观测的电磁场变化特征, 并由此提出一种新的临震特征, 即AETA电磁数据经滑动PCA方法处理后得到的“条带异常”。结果显示: 1) 除九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震发震当日, 九寨沟监测台于震前5日至震后15日, 每天在同一时段(5:00 am—6:00 am)出现异常点, 形成“异常条带”, 异常程度在震前大体上呈递增变化, 震后大体上呈递减变化; 2) 震源附近其他监测台也存在异常点, 但发布零散且异常程度较小; 3) 九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震“异常条带”消失后的两个月内, 未出现新的“异常条带”, 且无强震发生。     

Synthesis and characterization of wormhole-like mesoporous Ce0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2 solid solutions

Nanoparticles of Ce0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2 (CZY) solid solution have been prepared by the CTAB (hexadecyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide), CTAB-EG (ethylene glycol) templating, and CTAB-EG-NaCl (in which the pores of the precursor synthesized by the CTAB-EG method is filled by a certain amount of NaCl) method, respectively. The physical properties of these materials were characterized by means of tech-niques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and N2 adsorp-tion-desorption measurements. The CZY samples synthesized by the above three methods display wormhole-like mesoporous morphology and cubic crystal structures. The materials are narrow in pore size distribution (averaged pore diameter = 5.3―7.1 nm), high in surface areas (95―119 m2/g), and large in pore volumes (0.16―0.18 cm3/g). It has been demonstrated that the introduction of NaCl is capable of retaining the pore structures of solid nanomaterials at high-temperature calcination.     

Far-field coseismic displacements associated with the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake in Japan observed by Global Positioning System

Analysis of GEONET observations covering the entire territory of Japan shows that the great Tohoku-oki earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 off the east coast of Honshu in Japan caused an eastward movement of the northern part of the island by as much as 5.3 m. The GPS data from TEONET in China were used to derive far-field coseismic displacements and to assess the impact of the Tohoku-oki earthquake on crustal deformation in eastern China. The results reveal that the coseismic horizontal displacement...     

“311”东北日本M9.0大地震可预测性特征探索

 大地震不是任何地方都能发生的,大地震也不是任何时间都能发生的,大地震有其特定的时空结构。前期工作表明,条环交会、差异活动以及深震与“天外来客”事件等是制约发震时空窗口的主要因素。2011年3月11日发生在日本海沟俯冲带的M9.0大地震,其震前地震活动全面、清晰地展现出了其可预测性特征：(1) 1925年开始出现的板间地震长期平静区;(2) 2003年开始出现的位于平静区中部,起始于深震的海沟垂向地震活动条带;(3) 2009年3月(海沟垂向地震活动条带形成后)开始出现的广义前震发震地方时的非随机显著聚集特征;(4) 2011年3月9日(主震前2天)发生在平静区内的前震。主震发生在平静区边缘,海沟垂向地震活动条带与日本海沟板间地震带的交会处的地震活动差异性较大的地方,其断层面与海沟垂向地震活动条带内另外两个板间地震(2005-08-16地震和前震)的断层面共面。主震发生于广义前震发震地方时非随机聚集时段的中位时辰。日本大地震的可预测性特征逐一印证了我们的前期研究。     

BD星基增强系统格网电离层延迟算法的研究

随着北斗卫星导航系统的发展日益成熟,开发基于北斗的星基增强系统已刻不容缓,而电离层误差是影响星基增强系统定位精度的重要误差源。利用中国大陆构造环境监测网络的10个GNSS参考站在2016年3月20日的观测数据,验证了基于北斗导航系统的星基增强系统格网电离层修正算法在中国地区部分站点的修正精度,与Klobuchar模型修正法进行了对比,并检验了格网电离层垂直延迟的修正误差GIVE。结果表明,格网电离层修正算法的修正精度普遍优于Klobuchar模型修正法;修正误差也在正常范围内,进一步说明格网电离层延迟算法在中国地区的应用是可行的。     

Effect of Al2O3 and Y2O3 on the corrosion behavior of ZrO2-benzotriazole nanostructured coatings applied on AA2024 via a sol-gel method

zirconia-based nanostructured coatings were deposited on AA2024 to improve the corrosion resistance properties. Three different nanostructured coatings, namely, zirconia-benzotriazole, zirconia-alumina-benzotriazole, and zirconia-yttria-benzotriazole, were applied on AA2024 via a sol-gel method using the dip-coating technique. Next, the coatings were annealed at 150℃ after each dipping period. The phases and morphologies of the coatings were investigated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The corrosion properties were evaluated using electrochemical methods, including polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. The obtained results confirm the formation of homogeneous and crack free zirconia-benzotriazole-based nanostructured coatings. The average roughness values for zirconia-benzotriazole, zirconia-alumina-benzotriazole, and zirconia-yttria-benzotriazole nanostructured coatings were 30, 8, and 6 nm, respectively. The presence of alumina as a stabilizer on zirconia coating was found to have a beneficial impact on the stability of the corrosion resistance for different immersion times. In fact, the addition of alumina resulted in the dominance of the healing behavior in competition with the corrosion process of zirconia-benzotriazole nanostructured coating.