基于不同分组层策略的认知无线电网络的性能

基于次用户采用的不同分组层策略,分析了认知无线电网络的性能,提出了两种认知无线电网络模型,推导了次用户的丢包率、分组时延、吞吐量以及频谱利用率的表达式.同时通过认知无线电网络的性能仿真验证了理论分析模型的准确性.分析和仿真结果表明:分析模型能准确地评估认知无线电网络的性能;次用户的丢包率、分组时延和频谱利用率随着业务流流入速率的增加而增加;使用认知无线电技术能大大提高频谱利用率;次用户采用不同的分组层策略对频谱利用率的影响很小,而对吞吐量的影响很大.     

基于不同分组层策略的认知无线电网络性能分析

文中根据次用户采用的不同分组层策略,提出了两种认知无线电网络模型及其性能分析方法,推导了次用户的丢包率、分组时延、吞吐量以及频谱利用率表达式。同时,为了验证理论分析模型的准确性,对认知无线电网络的性能进行了仿真。分析和仿真结果表明：（1） 分析模型能准确地评估认知无线电网络的性能;（2）次用户的丢包率、分组时延和频谱利用率随着业务流入速率的增加而增加;（3）使用认知无线电技术,能大大提高频谱利用率;（4）次用户采用不同的分组层策略对频谱利用率的影响很小,但对吞吐量的影响很大。     

基于一种特殊队列的认知无线电网络性能分析

提出了一种被分成延时和丢弃两部分的特殊队列,建立马尔科夫模型分析了基于此队列的用户个数受限的认知无线电网络性能,并推导其丢包率、分组时延以及频谱利用率表达式,同时,对认知无线电网络进行仿真.分析和仿真结果表明:(1)分析模型能准确预测认知无线电网络性能;(2)次用户的丢包率和分组时延随着延时队列长度的增大分别减小和增大,而频谱利用率不受延时队列长度的影响;(3)采用认知无线电技术,能大幅提高频谱利用率.     

基于POMDP模型的分布式机会频谱接入算法

针对认知无线电（cognitive radio,CR）信道的动态特性,以部分可观测马尔科夫决策过程（POMDP）为模型对认知无线电网络用户的频谱感知和频谱接入过程进行研究,提出了基于POMDP模型的分布式机会频谱接入算法.该算法利用网络信道的历史频谱感知信息对主用户接入信道的状况作出估计,以认知用户吞吐量最大化为目标进行频谱接入.同时,通过贪心算法得到此优化策略的次优解,降低了最优策略的计算复杂度.论文分析了认知用户接入吞吐量与网络中信道数目以及信道状态转移概率之间的关系,将贪心算法与随机检测接入算法进行了仿真比较.仿真结果显示,该算法获得的吞吐量比随机检测接入算法提高了约25％,能够更有效地做出接入策略.     

面向多异质用户的分布式动态频谱接入方法

针对认知无线电网络中多个次用户存在不同服务质量(quality of service,QoS)需求的频谱接入问题,提出了基于Dueling DQN(dueling deep Q-network)的分布式动态频谱接入方法.该方法通过与环境交互学习实现在次用户不掌握系统信道先验信息条件下动态获得最佳频谱接入策略,并以次用户碰撞次数以及成功接入信道次数分析比较所提出方法的性能.仿真结果表明,提出的方法在保护主用户不受干扰、满足多异质用户QoS需求的前提下,能够有效减少次用户间碰撞次数,提高次用户成功接入信道次数,相比随机接入与短视策略(myopic policy)频谱接入方法,该方法的碰撞次数分别降低60％和90％,其成功接入性能分别提高30％和50％.     

基于多目标遗传算法的认知无线电频谱分配

频谱共享技术是认知无线电的关键技术。基于多目标遗传算法,将认知无线电网络的最大系统效益和次用户间的最大比例公平作为目标函数,运用图论着色频谱分配模型,实现认知无线电中空闲频谱在次用户间的动态分配,并与颜色敏感图论着色算法(CSGC)进行了比较。通过仿真验证了该算法在认知无线电网络中进行频谱分配的可行性,且性能优于CSGC算法。     

认知无线电中基于双自适应门限和簇的协作频谱检测

认知无线电(CR)被提出来是为了解决频谱资源短缺和低频谱利用率的问题。它允许认知用户在授权用户空闲的时候机会地接入未占用的频谱。因此,快速而又准确地检测授权用户信号是认知无线电系统的基础。为了提高认知无线电网络协作频谱检测的性能,利用了最优化的本地频谱检测,并结合了基于簇的网络模型。首先,将认知用户分为若干个簇,并选出簇头节点。在同一个簇中的认知用户,共同做出一个簇判决。之后,各个簇头节点进行通信做出全局判决。此外,信噪比(SNR)高的认知用户,向信噪比低的认知用户发送辅助信息,以帮助它们利用自适应双门限法,更加准确地完成本地频谱检测。通过仿真可以发现,本地频谱检测和全局频谱检测的性能都得到了提高。     

认知无线电网络QoS保障技术综述

首先简要介绍了动态频谱接入方式和认知无线电技术,分析了在基于动态频谱接入方式的认知无线网络中提供QoS保障的挑战.然后系统地介绍了在认知无线电各关键技术(频谱感知、频谱管理、频谱转移和频谱共享)和上层中的QoS保障技术以及跨层QoS设计的研究现状和困难.最后给出了未来研究的难点和方向.     

基于损失制轮询调度的频谱接入机制研究

动态频谱接入技术在确保授权用户权利的同时,允许认知用户暂"借"空闲频谱,可有效解决频谱资源匮乏问题.针对认知无线电网络,只有一个信道但有多种数据需要发送的情况,提出基于损失制的多优先级轮询动态频谱接入机制.通过运用马尔可夫排队论理论,求解平衡状态下系统平均排队队长、平均排队时间等重要参数结果.数值分析和仿真实验结果表明,该机制提高了认知无线电网络系统的排队性能,可有效减少频谱空洞.     

基于认知无线电网络的频谱切换技术性能研究

认知无线电网络里,认知用户动态感知和利用主用户频谱.当主用户出现时,认知用户必须让出使用的频谱而产生频谱切换,频谱切换导致认知网络的时延增加、链路保持概率和传输速率下降.本文研究了频谱切换方案及其数学模型.计算机仿真结果表明,采取带外感知的动态频谱接入方案可以有效地降低切换时延和提高认知用户的传输速率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-