水稻(Oryza sativa L.)磷酸盐转运蛋白编码基因的表达研究

研究揭示了水稻磷酸盐转运蛋白编码基因的表达．低磷处理下，根系与叶片中的PTW-J，转录子迅速表达，处理7d时达到最高表达量．PTW-J mRNA的诱导积累具有元素的专一性，因为在缺氮、缺钾与缺铁情况下此基因不表达．缺磷处理后恢复供磷，PTW-J转录子积累量明显降低．这些结果说明，PTW-J基因表达是对磷素缺乏的早期反应机制．     

“远/近”对称与不对称的历时分析

本文根据"远/近"上古期的句法表现探知其认知原型为位移图式,在此基础上描写了"远/近"历时发展中的对称与不对称现象、"远/近"由空间域向其他认知域映射的差异,并对相关现象的动因进行了认知分析。"远/近"对量度概念的表达呈现出互补完形分布的特征,"远/近"的位移路径图式可以对二者的对称与不对称现象作出统一的解释。     

试论“上”与“下”的对称与不对称现象

对称与不对称现象是存在于语言世界的普遍规律，理应为语言学界所关注并进行科学、系统的研究。从理论上说“上”与“下”应为一一对应的关系，有“上”即有“下”。但语言在受语言内部调节系统制约的同时，也受到语言外社会文化和心理因素的影响。“上”的构词能力远大于“下”。“上”和“下”构成的词和短语在发展演变过程中其语义也在发生变化。这些都是导致对称破缺的因素。主要以“上”“下”构成的各类词和词组为例，用归纳法描写、分析其对称与不对称性。旨在以显性对称与不对称的实例为依据，找出它们发展演变的规律，科学地预测其演变方向，研究开发潜性对称与不对称的空间。     

左右脑为什么不对称？

细胞诞生的微妙时期决定两个脑半球的构造 从鱼类到人，各种生物的左半脑和右半脑有着不同的功能，而且在构造上左右也不一样。最近已经开始解释清楚斑马鱼脑的左右非对称构造的形成过程。这个成果可以期待成为理解人脑左右不对称构造的重要线索。[编者按]     

广义Camassa-Holm方程的不对称孤立波和不对称扭波的存在性

利用动力系统定性理论和分支方法研究广义Camassa-Holm方程的行波.通过关键的分支值得到相应平面系统的相图,从而给出孤立波和扭波存在的充分条件;并且发现得到的孤立波和扭结波是不对称的,这与传统的对称孤立波和对称扭波是不一样的.     

壳聚糖-L-乳酸复合不对称膜的制备与表征

对不使用任何化学引发剂在真空下使壳聚糖与L-乳酸接枝共聚进行研究,结合真空冷冻干燥工艺制备一种用于周围神经再生的复合不对称膜材料。用全反射傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、差示扫描量热分析仪等进行表征。研究复合不对称膜在磷酸缓冲溶液(pH=7.4)中的溶胀性能并对其力学性能进行测定。研究结果表明:复合不对称膜具有较好的接枝效果;具有内层致密,外层疏松、排列整齐的多孔结构,孔径约100μm;复合不对称膜的玻璃转变温度为192.982℃;溶涨率为接枝前的1/2到1/6;复合不对称膜的力学性能随L-乳酸与壳聚糖的质量比变化而变化,拉伸强度、弹性模量及断裂伸长率等先升后降,当L-乳酸与壳聚糖的质量比为2时,具有最大值。     

范畴关联度假说和名名组合的对称与不对称

范畴项之间的关联度跟它们的范畴特征有关。范畴关联度存在强弱差别,从强关联度的＂相同范畴项＂到无关联的＂无关范畴项＂形成一个连续体。名名组合的结构关系和语义关系跟名词表示的概念所属的范畴层次和范畴与范畴之间的关联度有关,其结构关系和语义关系的对称与不对称性体现了其跟现实世界的对称象似和不对称象似。     

布依族7项不对称行为特征的研究

对布依族的7项不对称行为特征(利手、扣手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步和利眼)进行了调查，结果显示：(1)7项指标在布依族中的出现率R型(右型)远高于L型(左型)；(2)布依族中7项指标出现率均无性别间差异；(3)与蒙古族、朝鲜族、汉族、鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、达斡尔族、汉族等民族作比较，发现布依族各项指标L型出现率偏低，且扣手、叠臂、起步L型出现率和这6个民族存在极显著性差异，叠腿L型出现率除与鄂伦春族无差异外，与另外5个民族均有极显著性差异，其他指标与这6个民族基本不存在差异；(4)布依族扣手基因频率(％)为：A=0．1653，a=0．8347；布依族利手基因频率为：B=0．6990，b=0．3010；(5)统计分析了7项指标间的相关性，发现多数指标间存在相关性，部分指标相关极显著，且R—R型组合(右型一右型)的出现频率远高于L—L型组合(左型一左型)的出现频率．     

不对称三相电压馈电给不对称三相负载的解法

本文对不对称三相电压馈电给不对称三相负载的解法分四个小节进行讨论:1,不对称三相制(电压或电流)分解为对称分量法;2,不对称三相电压对于对称三相负载的作用;3,对称三相电压对于不对称三相负载的作用;4,不对称三相电压馈电给不对称三相负载的解法。     

大自然还是不对称为好

人们习惯上喜欢追求完美，偏爱平衡和对称。完美是一种简单，也意味着秩序，而自然界看上去似乎也是完美的，也常常能如人所愿。但当人们为发现自然界中某些对称而得意之时，自然却又会露出点瑕疵，它似乎并不总是那么听话。很有可能自然本身就不那么对称、完美，是人们把对称的外衣加到自然身上去的，使自然看上去完美。如果真是这样的话，露点瑕疵也就很正常了。不过，人们要找出自然的规律，不借助对称也很难。也许正是因为这样，自然才一次次地打破人们先前找到的对称。     

Asymmetric inheritance of centrosomally localized mRNAs during embryonic cleavages

During development, different cell fates are generated by cell-cell interactions or by the asymmetric distribution of patterning molecules. Asymmetric inheritance is known to occur either through directed transport along actin microfilaments into one daughter cell or through capture of determinants by a region of the cortex inherited by one daughter. Here we report a third mechanism of asymmetric inheritance in a mollusc embryo. Different messenger RNAs associate with centrosomes in different cells and are subsequently distributed asymmetrically during division. The segregated mRNAs are diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and then localize, in a microtubule-dependent manner, to the pericentriolar matrix. During division, they dissociate from the core mitotic centrosome and move by means of actin filaments to the presumptive animal daughter cell cortex. In experimental cells with two interphase centrosomes, mRNAs accumulate on the correct centrosome, indicating that differences between centrosomes control mRNA targeting. Blocking the accumulation of mRNAs on the centrosome shows that this event is required for subsequent cortical localization. These events produce a complex pattern of mRNA localization, in which different messages distinguish groups of cells with the same birth order rank and similar developmental potentials.     

Somatic control over the germline stem cell lineage during Drosophila spermatogenesis

Stem cells divide both to produce new stem cells and to generate daughter cells that can differentiate. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, but conceptually are of two kinds. Intrinsic mechanisms may control the unequal partitioning of determinants leading to asymmetric cell divisions that yield one stem cell and one differentiated daughter cell. Alternatively, extrinsic mechanisms, involving stromal cell signals, could cause daughter cells that remain in their proper niche to stay stem cells, whereas daughter cells that leave this niche differentiate. Here we use Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model stem cell system to show that there are excess stem cells and gonialblasts in testes that are deficient for Raf activity. In addition, the germline stem cell population remains active for a longer fraction of lifespan than in wild type. Finally, raf is required in somatic cells that surround germ cells. We conclude that a cell-extrinsic mechanism regulates germline stem cell behaviour.     

Caulobacter flagellin mRNA segregates asymmetrically at cell division

Molecular processes which promote the spatial localization of subcellular components are fundamental to cell development and differentiation. At various stages in development unequal segregation of molecular information must occur to result in the differentiated characteristics which distinguish cell progeny. Biological attributes of the dimorphic bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, provide an experimental system permitting examination of the generation of asymmetry at the molecular level. When a Caulobacter cell divides, two different daughter cells are produced--a motile swarmer cell with a polar flagellum and a non-motile cell with a static appendage referred to as a stalk. The two cell types are distinct with respect to surface morphology, developmental potential, protein composition and biosynthetic capabilities. One of the more conspicuous manifestations of asymmetric expression of macromolecules in this system, the flagellum, has been studied extensively. We have cloned the flagellin genes of Caulobacter and report here the use of these sequences as probes to demonstrate that (1) the level of flagellin mRNA is regulated during the cell cycle in a pattern coincident with flagellum polypeptide synthesis and (2) flagellin mRNA synthesized before cell division is segregated with progeny swarmer cells. This provides molecular evidence of specific partitioning of an mRNA at the time of cell division.     

Role of cortical tumour-suppressor proteins in asymmetric division of Drosophila neuroblast

Cellular diversity during development arises in part from asymmetric divisions, which generate two distinct cells by transmitting localized determinants from a progenitor cell into one daughter cell. In Drosophila, neuroblasts undergo typical asymmetric divisions to produce another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell. At mitosis, neural fate determinants, including Prospero and Numb, localize to the basal cortex, from which the ganglion mother cell buds off; Inscuteable and Bazooka, which regulate spindle orientation, localize apically. Here we show that a tumour-suppressor protein, Lethal giant larvae (Lgl), is essential for asymmetric cortical localization of all basal determinants in mitotic neuroblasts, and is therefore indispensable for neural fate decisions. Lgl, which itself is uniformly cortical, interacts with several types of Myosin to localize the determinants. Another tumour-suppressor protein, Lethal discs large (Dlg), participates in this process by regulating the localization of Lgl. The localization of the apical components is unaffected in lgl or dlg mutants. Thus, Lgl and Dlg act in a common process that differentially mediates cortical protein targeting in mitotic neuroblasts, and that creates intrinsic differences between daughter cells.     

A mechanism for asymmetric segregation of age during yeast budding

Ageing and the mortality that ensues are sustainable for the species only if age is reset in newborns. In budding yeast, buds are made young whereas ageing factors, such as carbonylated proteins and DNA circles, remain confined to the ageing mother cell. The mechanisms of this confinement and their relevance are poorly understood. Here we show that a septin-dependent, lateral diffusion barrier forms in the nuclear envelope and limits the translocation of pre-existing nuclear pores into the bud. The retention of DNA circles within the mother cell depends on the presence of the diffusion barrier and on the anchorage of the circles to pores mediated by the nuclear basket. In accordance with the diffusion barrier ensuring the asymmetric segregation of nuclear age-determinants, the barrier mutant bud6Delta fails to properly reset age in buds. Our data involve septin-dependent diffusion barriers in the confinement of ageing factors to one daughter cell during asymmetric cell division.     

Polarity controls forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo

Cell divisions that create daughter cells of different sizes are crucial for the generation of cell diversity during animal development. In such asymmetric divisions, the mitotic spindle must be asymmetrically positioned at the end of anaphase. The mechanisms by which cell polarity translates to asymmetric spindle positioning remain unclear. Here we examine the nature of the forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the single-cell-stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. To reveal the forces that act on each spindle pole, we removed the central spindle in living embryos either physically with an ultraviolet laser microbeam, or genetically by RNA-mediated interference of a kinesin. We show that pulling forces external to the spindle act on the two spindle poles. A stronger net force acts on the posterior pole, thereby explaining the overall posterior displacement seen in wild-type embryos. We also show that the net force acting on each spindle pole is under control of the par genes that are required for cell polarity along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis. Finally, we discuss simple mathematical models that describe the main features of spindle pole behaviour. Our work suggests a mechanism for generating asymmetry in spindle positioning by varying the net pulling force that acts on each spindle pole, thus allowing for the generation of daughter cells with different sizes.     

Polo inhibits progenitor self-renewal and regulates Numb asymmetry by phosphorylating Pon

Self-renewal and differentiation are cardinal features of stem cells. Asymmetric cell division provides one fundamental mechanism by which stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are balanced. A failure of this balance could lead to diseases such as cancer. During asymmetric division of stem cells, factors controlling their self-renewal and differentiation are unequally segregated between daughter cells. Numb is one such factor that is segregated to the differentiating daughter cell during the stem-cell-like neuroblast divisions in Drosophila melanogaster, where it inhibits self-renewal. The localization and function of Numb is cell-cycle-dependent. Here we show that Polo (ref. 13), a key cell cycle regulator, the mammalian counterparts of which have been implicated as oncogenes as well as tumour suppressors, acts as a tumour suppressor in the larval brain. Supernumerary neuroblasts are produced at the expense of neurons in polo mutants. Polo directly phosphorylates Partner of Numb (Pon, ref. 16), an adaptor protein for Numb, and this phosphorylation event is important for Pon to localize Numb. In polo mutants, the asymmetric localization of Pon, Numb and atypical protein kinase C are disrupted, whereas other polarity markers are largely unaffected. Overexpression of Numb suppresses neuroblast overproliferation caused by polo mutations, suggesting that Numb has a major role in mediating this effect of Polo. Our results reveal a biochemical link between the cell cycle and the asymmetric protein localization machinery, and indicate that Polo can inhibit progenitor self-renewal by regulating the localization and function of Numb.     

Bazooka recruits Inscuteable to orient asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila neuroblasts

Asymmetric cell divisions can be generated by the segregation of determinants into one of the two daughter cells. In Drosophila, neuroblasts divide asymmetrically along the apical-basal axis shortly after their delamination from the neuroectodermal epithelium. Several proteins, including Numb and Miranda, segregate into the basal daughter cell and are needed for the determination of its correct cell fate. Both the apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle and the localization of Numb and Miranda to the basal cell cortex are directed by Inscuteable, a protein that localizes to the apical cell cortex before and during neuroblast mitosis. Here we show that the apical localizaton of Inscuteable requires Bazooka, a protein containing a PDZ domain that is essential for apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells. Bazooka localizes with Inscuteable in neuroblasts and binds to the Inscuteable localization domain in vitro and in vivo. In embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic bazooka function, Inscuteable no longer localizes asymmetrically in neuroblasts and is instead uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. Mitotic spindles in neuroblasts are misoriented in these embryos, and the proteins Numb and Miranda fail to localize asymmetrically in metaphase. Our results suggest that direct binding to Bazooka mediates the asymmetric localization of Inscuteable and connects the asymmetric division of neuroblasts to the axis of epithelial apical-basal polarity.