Quaternary herbivore fauna in northeastern China: Evolution under climatic change

Large herbivorous mammals from 10 representative Quaternary localities in northeastern China were studied. The evolution of these animals confirms Pei's law and Bergmann's rule. Of the three global cold periods in the Quaternary, the first and second are not well recorded in the region. The temperate period between these is well recorded. Records show that there was a sub-cold period (around 280 000 yr) during this temperate period. It remains to be confirmed whether this sub-cold period was limited to northeastern China. The third cold period is well recorded in the region. The fauna in this third period were composed mostly of temperate forms, as well as typical cold and pro-cold forms.     

北京王府井东方广场遗址地层的沉积相与古地貌研究

通过对遗址地层典型沉积剖面和遗址地区150余个地层资料的对比分析,揭示了北京王府井东方广场晚更新世晚期旧石器人类遗址地层的沉积特征与沉积相类型,从而恢复了距今2.2万年前人类在此生存活动的古地貌面。研究表明,古人类曾活动于古冲积扇面的砂岛上,这是末次冰期间较温暖的间冰阶时期,是一个水流相对稳定的时期。还讨论了由于受较强的不稳定水流影响,使该文化层内有3140年没有人类的活动,认为该遗址是一个人类活动的临时营地。并且,在同一时期,人类可能来自周围的古冲积扇高地,或来自平原西部较早形成的高地貌面。以上的研究为北京平原晚更新世晚期人-地环境的重建和进行史前人类历史的研究提供依据。     

Climate indexes of phytoliths from Homo erectus'''' cave deposits in Nanjing

Many related papers have been published since the first report on the discovery of Nanjing hominid crania by Mu et al.[1]. Mu et al.[1], Xu et al.[2—4], the Tangshan Ar-chaeological Team[5] and Dong[6] have successively stud-ied the Nanjing Homo erectus?symbiotic faunas. Mu et al. and Xu et al. considered that the nature of the fauna in the Tangshan area belongs to the Oriental Realm,and this region was usually occupied by Ailuropoda-Tapirus fauna in the Pleistocene. However, the typica…     

Muted climate variations in continental Siberia during the mid-Pleistocene epoch

The large difference in carbon and oxygen isotope data from the marine record between marine oxygen isotope stage 12 (MIS 12) and MIS 11, spanning the interval between about 480 and 380 kyr ago, has been interpreted as a transition between an extremely cold glacial period and an unusually warm interglacial period, with consequences for global ice volume, sea level and the global carbon cycle. The extent of the change is intriguing, because orbital forcing is predicted to have been relatively weak at that time. Here we analyse a continuous sediment record from Lake Baikal, Siberia, which reveals a virtually continuous interglacial diatom assemblage, a stable littoral benthic diatom assemblage and lithogenic sediments with 'interglacial' characteristics for the period from MIS 15a to MIS 11 (from about 580 to 380 kyr ago). From these data, we infer significantly weaker climate contrasts between MIS 12 and 11 than during more recent glacial-interglacial transitions in the late Pleistocene epoch (about 130 to 10 kyr ago). For the period from MIS 15a to MIS 11, we also infer an apparent lack of extensive mountain glaciation.     

中国典型地带陆生等足类的区系特点

通过对中国5个典型地带（热带、亚热带、暖温带、温带和高寒带）20个样点采集的72种陆生等足类的区系进行分析,发现具有以下特点：1.分布的地带性强,特有种多;2.东洋界热带,亚热带区系占主导地位;3.物种栖息生境多样;4.与日本区系进行比较发现其种级阶元的差异较大,其中在我国72种陆生等足类中有61种与日本不同,占总种数的84.7%.表明种类分布上具有极强的区系差别.     

珥蛇与珥玉：玉耳饰起源的神话背景——四重证据法的玉文化发生研究

穿耳和耳饰的起源,具有人类的普遍性。耳饰起源与史前期的人体神话观有密切联系。其特点是将头和耳视为通神或神圣的部位,并在耳与心之间建立神秘联系。以玉器为耳饰,是史前中国和东亚特有的文化现象,探究玉文化起源的奥秘,需要还原性地认识史前东亚的玉石神话观与人体神话观互动与结合的特殊情况。文章通过对珥玉礼俗与珥蛇神话的相关性探索,运用四重证据法,为玉文化发生研究提供神话学的理论解释。     

Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution: Evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site

The last glacial period was vital for the distribution and evolution of early modern humans in Asia. The Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site, dated at 30-20 ka BP, accumulated cultural remains during the important late stage of MIS 3 period in the last glacial. These remains represent characteristics of typical Late Paleolithic conditions in North China:high degree of standardization and morphological variability of tool types, exploitation of bone materials, systematic use of body decorations, extensive use of earth-pit hearths, distinct functional spatial organization within habitations, and conversion of subsistence patterns. These characteristics illustrate early modern human behaviors during the late MIS3 period, and provide clues and perspectives for the analysis of early modern human origins in China. At the same time, the conversion of subsistence patterns is considered to be a combination of multiple early modern human behaviors, as well as the result of the Broad Spectrum Revolution. In this paper, we argue for the dynamic mechanism of Broad Spectrum Revolution from a human behavioral and ecological perspective.     

大厂凹陷MIS3阶段以来沉积物地球化学特征分析

深海氧同位素3-1阶段是指深海沉积物有孔虫氧同位素记录的第四纪末次冰期至冰后期的一个时期,期间气候表现为间冰阶、极端寒冷、多次千年尺度气候事件至最后转暖多个变化特征,相关气候变化沉积响应及影响因素等科学问题一直以来备受关注。然而,该时期相关千年尺度气候事件的记录及讨论在华北平原地区仍有争议,为探讨华北平原西北地区在该阶段的气候特征,本研究在大厂凹陷区天然剖面进行高密度碳14断代样品测试,并开展常量和微量元素地球化学含量分析,获得地球化学数据变化趋势特征,结果表明,该剖面年代从32.5ka至8.2 ka,处于深海氧同位素3阶段末期至深海氧同位素1阶段早期。在该时段,主量元素氧化物TFe2O3、Al2O3、SiO2、MgO、CaO、Na2O与K2O与微量元素Sr、V、Ni、Co、Ga、Cu、Ba、Cr和Zn均呈现一致的变化趋势;在MIS2末次冰盛期和MIS1早期中的B?lling-Aller?d暖期和新仙女木冷期,K/Na、Al/Na、化学蚀变指数 、化学风化指数 和古温度等指标与东亚季风区气候呈现一致的变化,同时与全球尺度的事件具有同步性,因此认为晚更新世晚期华北平原的气候变化可归因于全球气候系统下东亚季风区的演化。     

伏牛山文化圈史前城址与中国文明起源探索——伏牛山文化圈与中国文明起源探索之二

伏牛山文化圈在旧石器时代已经有人类居住与生产。近一个世纪的考古发现证明，伏牛山文化圈史前城址遗存非常丰富，是中国史前城址的发源地之一。伏牛山文化圈史前城址演进的脉络完整清晰：城址性质由仰韶文化的初城开始，逐渐演进为龙山文化的城址群，二里头文化的宫城，并与殷商成熟都城相衔接。伏牛山文化圈是中国文明的发源地之一。     

Comparison of paleoclimatic characteristics between monsoon and westerly areas, China

For past decades there have been many studies on the climate features during the last interglacial and glacial periods. A comparison between the loess record of western China with that of monsoon areas shows some regional differences. ( i) Generally, the climate of the Yili region since the late Pleistocene was dry, with fluctuations. Late Pleistocene climate change in the study area can be divided into 5 stages, corresponding to 5 marine isotopic stages (MIS 1-MISS), (ii) Evidence from grain size composition, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate content, pollen assemblage and geochemistry shows that the climate during the last glacial period was instable. During MIS4 the westerly winds were strong and the humidity was relatively high. Compared with the early stage, MIS2 was dry. In MIS3, westerly winds were relatively weak; pedogenesis prevailed, forming paleo-sols. (iii) In contrast to the Loess Plateau the deposition rate of dust at the early stage was higher than at the late stage of the last galical in the Yili region. The strongest wind event occurred at about 24 kaBP instead of 18 kaBP. (iv) Variations in the grain size indicate that the westerly winds decreased since the deglaciation, but dust accumulation continued until the late Holocene. High carbonate contents, low ratio of Rb/Sr and lack of soil development imply that the climate was dry during the early and middle Holocene. Since the late Holocene the climate became relatively wet and the soil was developed.     

良渚文化期自然环境变化与人类文明发展的耦合

距今约5.2~4.0 ka的全新世大暖期良渚文化在史前留下了光辉灿烂的一页,但对于良渚文化形成和发展的环境背景仍然存在争议.在总结前人工作的基础上,从自然环境演变的角度探讨了良渚文化的发展与消亡.提出文化的发生与发展受自然环境的制约;不同区域文化对相同环境变化的响应不同.温暖湿润的环境,特别是多水的环境并不都利于人类的生活与发展,东部季风区太湖流域及其周边地区的良渚先民在对干旱环境的适应过程中创造了灿烂的文化.     

Analysis of sedimentary-geomorphologic variation and the living environment of hominids at the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site

Shuidonggou is one of the most important Upper Paleolithic sites in North China. Due to the presence of rich human remains, animal fossils, abundant sporopollen and unique geological sequence, it is the type site for Late Pleistocene to Holocene human occupation and environmental change in the Ningxia-lnner Mongolia region. Many scholars suggest that the site should be named the ＂Shuidong- gou Formation＂ of Late Pleistocene in North China. Dating results indicate that ancient human activities at the site took place 30-24 ka （Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 3）. The climate at that time was warmer and moister than present day, and adequate precipitation led to the formation of water pack depressions where broad-leaf trees and sparse forest vegetations, as well as herbivorous animals flourished, making the area suitable for early human hunting, gathering and survival. The Neolithic human occupation happened 9-5 ka at the site, while similar environmental conditions with MIS3 occurred. The absence of human activity record in the region during the Last Glacial Maximum （MIS2） suggests that the environment was too harsh for humans to live there.     

我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展概况

本文通过回顾我国近三十年来土壤动物生态地理研究的进展,概述了我国土壤动物群落多样性及生态地理分布。通过分析我国从热带、亚热带到温带,从森林、草地、沙漠到湿地、农田乃至城市等诸多生态系统,总结了土壤动物群落对环境的响应及其指示意义研究的相关进展。从土壤动物对环境的营造、净化及其在生态系统凋落物分解和物质循环中的作用三个方面论述了土壤动物的功能,介绍了土壤动物与其他生物的互作、地上地下的生态学联系、全球变化对土壤动物群落的影响等热点领域的研究现状。     

巢湖鱼类区系研究

本文报告巢湖鱼类85种,对其区系特征、种群数量、区系组成的变化以及数量变动的原因和对策,均进行了阐述,可供开发利用巢湖资源及研究巢湖鱼类工作参考。     

超声波影响初始霜晶生长的微观可视化研究

试验研究了超声波对平板表面结霜初始阶段霜晶生长的影响.对自然对流条件下施加20kHz频率的超声波和未施加超声波两种作用机制下平板表面结霜初始阶段冻结水珠的形态、分布以及水珠冻结后水珠表面霜晶的生长进行了微观可视化研究.对有无超声波作用的不同冷表面温度下水珠冻结粒径的大小以及水珠分布的疏密进行了对比分析.同时对有无超声波作用下水珠冻结后水珠表面霜晶的生长进行了对比观测.试验结果显示:施加超声波作用后,冻结水珠粒径显著减小,形态相对规整且接近圆形;分布相对规则且明显稀疏;水珠冻结后其表面霜晶几乎不生长.结果表明:超声波对结霜初期冻结水珠的形成以及水珠冻结后水珠表面霜晶的生长具有显著的抑制作用.     

辽南地区末次冰期以来的环境变化

本文通过对大连七顶山黄土剖面的光释光(OSL)年代、磁化率、地球化学元素、粒度特征等数据,综合分析辽南地区末次冰期以来的环境变化过程,研究结果显示:相当于黄土高原马兰黄土的堆积形成时代为距今125ka。在末次冰期早期(MIS4-5d),86-113ka,沉积物质量磁化率介于6.97-24.14×10-8m3kg-1之间,平均值为14.699×10-8m3kg-1;颗粒粒径较细(3.89-5.22准);硅铝率平均值6.756;风化淋溶系数0.4-0.73之间;退碱系数均值0.333;镁铝比均值22.901。与末次冰期晚期相比,质量磁化率值较高,化学元素各项指标值较低,明了该阶段辽南整体气候环境较为干冷,但并未达到末次冰期晚期程度。而在末次冰盛期时(22-31ka,MIS2),磁化率平均值为6.974×10-8m3kg-1,明显低于末次冰期早期,粒度均值处于3.47准-4.77准之间,主要以颗粒较粗的细砂、粗粉砂为主,粒度明显变粗,硅铝率平均为6.998;风化淋溶系数均值为0.829,退碱系数值0.66,镁铝比值均值28.725,各参数比较一致地表明该阶段研究区整体处于干冷的气候环境之下,堆积作用较活跃。而在末次冰期中期(MIS3)时,OSL年代31-86ka,该区气候条件以温暖湿润为主,黄土遭到侵蚀。     

在MIS系统分析阶段应用面向对象技术的探讨

系统分析阶段是管理信息系统 (MIS)设计开发的起步阶段 ,也是设计过程中的关键一步 ,在该阶段建立逻辑模型的传统方式是采用面向处理的功能分解法。本文先讨论了该方法所存在的局限性 ,然后探讨了另外一种设计方法———面向对象设计方法 ,并将该方法应用于MIS系统的建模当中。     

Variations of alkenone temperature in the Sea of Japan during the last 170 ka and its paleoceanographic implications

Two sediment cores, KCES1 and ODP797, which were recovered from the Sea of Japan （JS）, were measured for alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures （U37-SSTs）. Our results revealed that the SSTs closely follow the glacial-interglacial cycles during the last 170 ka, except in the last glacial maximum （LGM）, during which the SST was higher than in the Holocene. The anomalous high temperature in the LGM is considered as an effect of the intrusion of a low salinity water mass into the JS when the sea level was almost below 130 m. On the glacial- K interglacial to orbital timescale, the U37-SSTs record in the JS correlated well with the benthic foraminiferal SO record and solar insolation, which suggests the dominant control of solar insolation and its related sea ice develop- ment on the SST in the JS. On the sub-orbital/millennial timescale, reduced SST corresponds to an enhanced east asian winter monsoon （EAWM） during the last glacial period （MIS3 and MIS4）, indicating the dominant control of sea ice expansion due to the enhanced EAWM on the SST in the JS. In contrast, during the last interglacial period （MIS5）, the SST in the JS was controlled by variations in the east Asian summer monsoon. These results highlight the key role of solar insolation and associated glacial-interglacial conditions in the variations of the SST in the JS since the last 170 ka.     

湖南省西北地区古人类遗址及其生态考察

分析了湖南省西北地区沅、澧水流域17个有关旧石器人类遗址和9类更新世时期哺乳动物化石点的史料，结合田野考察，目前已掌握的资料有石门智人股骨化石1件、旧石器9种、哺乳动物群化石8目36种.开展了有关旧石器演化的规律和哺乳动物化石的生物分类与组合形式的研究，客观地揭示了湖南省西北地区史前人类的演化规律以及地理变迁、气候再造与其生态环境的关系.     

植物根部水分再分配研究的区域特征及生态意义

在一些干旱、半干旱或季节性干旱地区,当植物的一部分根系处于较湿润的土壤层中,且土壤水势梯度合适的条件下,植物便会利用水分再分配来合理调配水分以缓解植物的干旱状况.植物根部水分再分配研究主要在有干湿季节交替或出现一段时间干旱的地区进行,这些地区包括萨瓦纳地区、具有热带或温带季风气候的地区以及具有地中海气候的地区.除此之外,在一些温带大陆性气候区也有部分研究.水分再分配现象使各土壤层中水分合理分配,上下运送的水分能够使植物根系保持湿润,从而延长和增强根系的活动性.再分配水分可提供植物白天蒸腾作用需要的部分水源,通过土壤-根系-大气系统促进水分运动,且释放到上层土壤中的水分还可以为周围邻近植物提供水分.由于养分一般储存在土壤的上层,水分的上下运动可以促进土壤中养分的循环以增强养分吸收、微生物过程,并提高养分的利用率.目前,水分再分配的研究区域越来越广泛,研究方法也趋于多样化和成熟.