T225NG合金的高温单轴棘轮行为研究

在200、300、350、450℃等温度下对T225NG合金进行了单轴棘轮行为试验研究,分析了温度、应力幅值、低峰值应力棘轮历史对T225NG合金棘轮行为的影响.研究表明,在高温下峰值真应力具有对T225NG合金饱和棘轮应变控制的一元特性,饱和棘轮应变与幅值和先前的低峰值应力棘轮历史无关;在相同峰值应力下,温度越高则塑性应变累积越迅速,饱和棘轮应变越大;高温下T225NG合金出现异化的棘轮应变演化关系,现有本构理论难以描述.基于单试样多级加载试验方法,建立了一个用于预测T225NG合金单轴高温饱和棘轮应变的本构模型,该模型对试验数据有较好的相关性,可以较好地描述单轴棘轮应力与饱和棘轮应变之间的关系.     

高应力幅循环历史对U78CrV钢棘轮行为的影响

U78CrV钢轨广泛应用于我国重载铁路,在服役过程中承受具有不同循环历史的滚动接触疲劳载荷,由此诱发的棘轮行为将加剧钢轨的疲劳失效。首先开展低应力幅和高应力幅下的非对称应力控制循环实验,随后进行具有不同循环周次高应力幅循环历史的低应力幅值循环实验,揭示应力幅和应力循环历史对U78CrV钢棘轮行为的影响。实验结果显示,U78CrV钢在非对称应力循环载荷作用下表现出显著的棘轮行为,应力幅的增加会提高棘轮应变和棘轮应变演化率;预加载的高应力幅循环周次越高,随后的低应力幅下的棘轮行为越明显;不同循环周次的高应力幅循环历史降低了低应力幅循环的棘轮应变率,但增加了耗散能密度;不同高应力幅循环历史下的低应力循环疲劳寿命与失效棘轮应变和稳定耗散能密度密切相关,随着失效棘轮应变和稳定耗散能密度的增加而降低。基于稳定耗散能密度建立了幂律函数,可以合理预测高应力幅循环历史的低应力循环疲劳寿命。研究结果对U78CrV钢轨的疲劳失效评估具有重要的参考价值。     

对接粘接结构的扭转疲劳损伤行为研究

通过圆柱对接试件的扭转疲劳实验,分析了平均剪应力、剪应力幅值和循环周期3个因素对粘接结构的应变变程、应变率和疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:平均剪应力对粘接结构的循环加载应力-应变响应影响很大.在平均剪应力非零的情况下,有棘轮应变出现,并且棘轮应变随着平均剪应力的增加而增加,棘轮应变率也随之增加;在改变剪应力幅值,而平均剪应力为零的情况下,虽然粘接试件没有出现棘轮效应,但由于循环蠕变和循环软化的原因,循环加载的应力-应变的曲线斜率随着剪应力幅值的增加出现下降的趋势,剪应力幅值增加,应变变程也随之增加,同时剪应力幅值越高应变稳定期越短;在改变循环周期情况下,应变变程影响不大,只是随着循环周期的缩短,后期的循环软化略有增加;在疲劳寿命影响方面,随着平均剪应力和剪应力幅值的增加,疲劳寿命都明显下降,但循环周期对粘接试件的扭转疲劳寿命的影响不大.     

Abdel-Karim-Ohno模型改进及Z2CDN18.12N不锈钢棘轮效应预测

为更好地描述Z2CDN18.12N奥氏体不锈钢的单轴棘轮行为，在统一黏塑性循环本构理论框架下，改进了Abdel-Karim-Ohno模型.将塑性应变记忆面引进各向硬化率中，之后进行模型参数确定，进而用Abdel-Karim-Ohno模型和改进Abdel-Karim-Ohno模型对Z2CDN18.12N奥氏体不锈钢在室温下的单轴棘轮效应进行研究.利用两种模型分别研究了平均应力、应力幅值、应力率及加载历史等对Z2CDN18.12N奥氏体不锈钢单轴棘轮行为的影响.结果表明：在恒定的加载率条件下，单轴棘轮应变水平随平均应力和应力幅值的增大而提高；随应力率的增大而降低，而且对较低的应力率更为敏感；单轴棘轮行为受加载历史影响显著.通过对比两种模型对材料的单轴棘轮行为的预测结果与试验数据，证明了本文改进模型的有效性.     

高铁齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6循环变形行为 实验和本构模型

采用RPL100电子式蠕变疲劳试验机,对高铁齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6开展了不同应变幅值下的对称应变循环实验,研究了齿轮钢在对称应变循环下的循环软硬化行为;对齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6在不同应力工况下开展了非对称应力循环下单轴棘轮行为实验,研究了齿轮钢棘轮变形的演化规律.结果显示,在实验研究循环周次内齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6在对称应变控制循环下表现出循环软化的特征,在非对称应力控制循环下呈现出衰减的棘轮应变率和常棘轮应变率两阶段.通过在Ohno-Abdel-Karim非线性随动硬化律中引入与累积塑性应变相关的棘轮参数的演化方程,建立了修正的循环弹塑性本构模型.模拟结果显示,该模型能够合理预测齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6的循环软化特征和棘轮行为的演化规律.     

超弹性NiTi丝的力学性能

研究了常温下循环加载次数、应变幅值、加载速率等对NiTi形状记忆合金丝相变应力、单圈耗能、变形模量、等效阻尼比及残余应变等力学性能参数的影响规律.结果表明:在一定加载速率下,随着循环次数的增加,正、逆向相变应力均有降低,正向相变应力降低的幅度更大,正向相变应力在20个循环后趋于稳定,逆向相变应力在5个循环后趋于稳定;单圈耗能随循环次数的增加而减小,从第1圈到第30圈,能耗减幅达33%;残余应变随循环次数的增加而增大,第30圈时达饱和值0.4%;等效阻尼比随应变幅值的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,幅值7%时达最大值,卸载模量随应变幅值增大而减小;加载速率影响材料的相变应力及耗能,相变应力随加载速率增加而增加,材料的耗能能力随加载速率增加而降低,但降低幅度不大.     

大鼠皮肤的循环力学性能研究

通过循环疲劳试验,研究了平均应力和应力幅值对大鼠皮肤力学性能的影响.结果表明:大鼠皮肤在拉-拉循环载荷作用下表现出明显的应变累积特性(即棘轮效应),棘轮应变曲线可划分为瞬态、稳态和加速失效3个阶段;棘轮应变及其应变率随平均应力或应力幅值的增加而增大,导致大鼠皮肤的损伤累积加速进而降低其疲劳寿命;循环应力-应变曲线中的滞后环面积、切线模量能够表征大鼠皮肤的循环特性,滞后环面积和切线模量呈现负相关的关联;对应循环疲劳失效的整个过程,滞后环面积经历减小、稳定、迅速增加3个过程;应力-应变滞后环面积随应力幅值的增加而增大,但平均应力对应力-应变滞后环面积的影响没有线性关系,在试验范围内当平均应力为12,MPa时滞后环的面积最小.结合Basquin模型和SWT模型,可以预测在不同平均应力与应力幅值作用下大鼠皮肤的低周循环疲劳寿命.通过石蜡切片技术和HE染色方法,研究拉伸和循环加载对皮肤微观结构的影响.结果表明,拉伸破坏和循环疲劳破坏都归因于纤维束的滑移和断裂,但两者发生断裂破坏的表现形式不同,前者表现为长裂纹扩展导致的拉伸断裂,后者则为短裂纹扩展导致的疲劳断裂.     

应变控制方式下ZG270-500材料特性试验研究

以工程领域常用材料ZG270-500为研究对象,通过多组应变控制下的循环加载试验,分析了不同加载工况下的应力应变滞回曲线特征及响应应力幅值随循环次数的变化规律。试验结果表明,ZG270-500钢在单级应变循环载荷作用下表现出循环硬化特性和包申格效应;随着循环周次的增加,循环硬化速率最终趋于稳定的常值,且此常值与外加应变载荷幅值呈线性关系,正向加卸载分支比反载分支的包申格系数明显偏大,且都随应变幅值增大逐渐减小,即包申格效应减弱;多级应变循环加载时,前期较大的应变历史会提升后续小应变时的响应应力幅值。     

基于A-V模型的改进模型及单轴棘轮效应预测

针对A-V模型预测材料棘轮效应初始阶段不理想的缺点，对其参数γ₂进行了修正，同时引入Ramberg-Osgood(R-O)模型和各向同性硬化来计算应力-应变曲线，并确定了A-V模型的材料参数，建立了一种用来描述材料循环塑性行为的改进A-V模型.通过采用改进的A-V模型对Z2CND18.12N奥氏体不锈钢和SS316L钢的单轴棘轮效应进行了预测，并研究了平均应力、应力幅值、应力比和加载历史对单轴棘轮效应的影响.结果表明，改进的A-V模型对材料的棘轮应变预测值与试验值较为一致.     

Kapton薄膜高温单轴循环拉伸的力学性能

以25μm厚充气可展结构膜材Kapton(聚酰亚胺膜)为研究对象，选取6种温度工况(20,50,80,110,140,170℃)对其进行高温下单轴循环拉伸试验.通过分析不同循环次数和温度下的应力-应变数据，阐释了高温循环荷载作用下材料的受力机理与性能表征，分别建立了循环弹性模量与循环次数和温度的关系式，并获得了对棘轮应变以及滞回环面积等力学性能参数的影响规律.试验和分析结果表明：随着循环次数的增加，弹性模量逐步增大，滞回环面积减小；高温使得弹性模量显著降低，而滞回环面积增大；以最后一次循环加载后的结果来看，温度对TD(垂直膜材长度方向)的棘轮应变影响更大.研究所得结论可为极端温度场下的充气可展结构设计及在轨交变高低温测试提供参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.