Evidence for non-selective preservation of organic matter in sinking marine particles

The sinking of particulate organic matter from ocean surface waters transports carbon to the ocean interior, where almost all is then recycled. The unrecycled fraction of this organic matter can become buried in ocean sediments, thus sequestering carbon and so influencing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The processes controlling the extensive biodegradation of sinking particles remain unclear, partly because of the difficulty in resolving the composition of the residual organic matter at depth with existing chromatographic techniques. Here, using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, we characterize the chemical structure of organic carbon in both surface plankton and sinking particulate matter from the Pacific Ocean and the Arabian Sea. We found that minimal changes occur in bulk organic composition, despite extensive (>98%) biodegradation, and that amino-acid-like material predominates throughout the water column in both regions. The compositional similarity between phytoplankton biomass and the small remnant of organic matter reaching the ocean interior indicates that the formation of unusual biochemicals, either by chemical recombination or microbial biosynthesis, is not the main process controlling the preservation of particulate organic carbon within the water column at these two sites. We suggest instead that organic matter might be protected from degradation by the inorganic matrix of sinking particles.     

Chernobyl radionuclides in a Black Sea sediment trap

The Chernobyl nuclear power station accident released large quantities of vaporized radionuclides, and, to a lesser extent, mechanically released small (less than 1-10 micron) aerosol particles. The total release of radioactivity is estimated to be out of the order of 1-2 x 10(18) Bq (3-5 x 10(7) Ci) not allowing for releases of the xenon and krypton gases. The 137Cs releases of 3.8 x 10(16) Bq from Chernobyl can be compared to 1.3 x 10(18) Bq 137Cs released due to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Chernobyl-derived radionuclides can be used as transient tracers to study physical and biogeochemical processes. Initial measurements of fallout Chernobyl radionuclides from a time-series sediment trap at 1,071 m during June-September 1986 in the southern Black Sea are presented. The specific activities of 137Cs, 144Ce and 106Ru in the trap samples (0.5-2, 4-12 and 6-13 Bq g-1) are independent of the particle flux while their relative activities reflect their rates of scavenging in the order Ce greater than Ru greater than Cs.     

Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom

Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.     

Organic geochemical studies of sinking particulate material in China sea area II

Conclusions We have for the first time studied the compositions of ketone, aldehyde and alcohol lipid compounds in sinking particulate materials from Yongshu Reef lagoon and the continental shelf of the East China Sea collected by sediment trap sampling apparatus. The results indicate that sinking particulate materials contain abundant isoprenoid ketone, aldehyde and alcohol lipid compounds which take part in marine chemical cycling. The compositional features of these compounds show that sinking particulate organic matter mainly comes from autochthonous marine organisms and Yongshu Reef lagoon has more submerged macrophytes-derived component, while the continental shelf of the East China Sea contains more dinoflagellate-derived constituent. The contribution of higher land plant to sinking particulate organic matter may be very small. In contrast, it is greater in Yongshu Reef lagoon than that in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. Sinking particulate organic matter in the two regions undergoes strong biochemical transformation processes before reaching the depth of 5 m to the sea floor, and its intensity is greater in Yongshu Reef lagoon than in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. These results have certain reference value to the researches of marine chemistry, marine biology and marine sedimentology in China, and reveal the importance of organic geochemistry to the study of oceanology.     

Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles

The Proterozoic aeon (2,500-540 million years ago) saw episodic increases in atmospheric oxygen content, the evolution of multicellular life and, at its close, an enormous radiation of animal diversity. These profound biological and environmental changes must have been linked, but the underlying mechanisms have been obscure. Here we show that hydrocarbons extracted from Proterozoic sediments in several locations worldwide are derived mainly from bacteria or other heterotrophs rather than from photosynthetic organisms. Biodegradation of algal products in sedimenting matter was therefore unusually complete, indicating that organic material was extensively reworked as it sank slowly through the water column. We propose that a significant proportion of this reworking will have been mediated by sulphate-reducing bacteria, forming sulphide. The production of sulphide and consumption of oxygen near the ocean surface will have inhibited transport of O2 to the deep ocean. We find that preservation of algal-lipid skeletons improves at the beginning of the Cambrian, reflecting the increase in transport by rapidly sinking faecal pellets. We suggest that this rapid removal of organic matter will have increased oxygenation of surface waters, leading to a descent of the O2-sulphide interface to the sea floor and to marked changes in the marine environment, ultimately contributing to the Cambrian radiation.     

化学法清洗硅片过程中清除颗粒的机理(英文)

对化学法清洗硅片过程中消除颗粒的机理作了定量的探讨。颗粒的清除是由于化学蚀刻和颗粒与表面排斥力共同作用的结果。首次提出了最浅蚀刻深度和最小蚀刻速度的概念。最浅蚀刻深度可通过颗粒与表面间作用能的关系进行计算。是小蚀刻速度则可通过蚀刻侧形进行计算。研究结果对于优化化学法清洗过程和设计高性能清洗液都具有重要意义。     

Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon

The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean. Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected. Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.     

Plankton from Early Cambrian black shale series on the Yangtze Platform, and its influences on lithologies

Blackshalesandcherts ,containingnodularphosphoritesandorelayers[1] arecommonintheEar lyCambriandeeperwaterfaciesoftheYangtzePlat form[2 ] andoffera goodchanceformicropaleonto logicalresearchusingtechniquesofchemicaldissolu tion ,peelingandsectioning .Wetriedtoseparateandinvestigateoceanicplanktoncommunitiesfrombitu minous,“deeperwater”chert ,blackshale andphosphoritelithologies ,andtodocumenttheirpreser vationandinfluencesonthecompositionofthesedi ments .Thepresentpaperaimsatgivingareportof…     

基于改进Patchmatch及切片采样粒子置信度传播的立体匹配算法

针对立体匹配时视差不连续区、倾斜平面及非前向平行平面误匹配较高的问题,提出了一种基于改进Patchmatch及切片采样粒子置信度的立体匹配算法.定义了具有边缘特性的Patchmatch相似性函数,并建立基于Patchmatch的非前向平行平面视差平面估计模型.利用粒子置信度传播代替原有的最近邻搜索,使用较少的粒子近似目标分布,并采用切片采样马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法解决传播过程中粒子重采样更新问题.Middlebury图像数据集测试表明,该算法能够降低视差不连续区域的误匹配,有效地提高了倾斜平面及非前向平行平面图像的匹配精度.     

Redistribution of fallout radionuclides in Enewetak Atoll lagoon sediments by callianassid bioturbation

The lagoon sediments of Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands contain a large selection of fallout radionuclides as a result of 43 nuclear weapon tests conducted there between 1948 and 1958. Studies of the burial of fallout radionuclides have been conducted on the islands and in several of the large craters, but studies of their vertical distribution have been limited to about the upper 20 cm of the lagoon sediments. We have found elevated fallout radionuclide concentrations buried more deeply in the lagoon sediments and evidence of burrowing into the sediment by several species of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) which has displaced highly radioactive sediment. The burrowing activities of callianassids, which are ubiquitous on the lagoon floor, facilitate radionuclide redistribution and complicate the fallout radionuclide inventory of the lagoon.     

围填海工程对日照岚山港附近海域浮游动物群落影响研究

以2005-2019年秋季在日照岚山港附近海域6次浮游动物的调查资料为基础,结合该海域同期悬浮物监测结果,分析其浮游动物种类结构组成、种类数量、丰度、生物量以及香浓-威纳指数的变化,并初步探讨日照岚山港围填海工程对邻近海域浮游动物群落的影响.结果表明:2005-2019年日照岚山港附近海域秋季浮游动物种类组成比例和其他...     

海底大地电磁探测的室内模拟实验

用电磁方法研究海洋在国内地学界尚属首次 .由于海洋环境复杂 ,作业难度大 ,因而在探测技术的研发阶段 ,必需经过一系列的实验探索 ,在室内条件下 ,优选出合理的水下测量方案 .本文所阐述的实验内容围绕海底大地电磁探测的几个主要运行环节 ,集中讨论了包括仪器的海面投放、下沉速度调整、抗底流推曳、声控释放上浮等与海洋工程紧密相关的技术问题 .通过实验提出了实用的解决方法 ,为实施真正的海洋作业奠定了实验基础 .     

TiO2的有机改性及其电泳性能

以改性的TiO₂粒子为显色粒子，四氯乙烯为分散介质，油溶红为染料，加入分散剂制备了电泳显示液。选用不同类型的有机表面活性剂和硅烷偶联剂对纳米TiO₂粒子进行表面改性。用红外光谱（FT-IR）表征了改性粒子的表面组成和结构，并通过透射电镜（TEM）观察了粒子的形态、粒径及分散情况。采用静态沉降法考察了改性后的粒子在四氯乙烯中的分散稳定性，并利用自行设计的电泳仪对粒子的电场响应特性进行了测试。结果表明，用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)改性的粒子其分散稳定性和带电性最好。随后探讨了SDBS用量和反应时间对粒子分散性和带电性的影响，得到改性的最佳工艺条件为：改性剂用量为TiO₂含量的15%，反应时间为1h。改性后的粒子分散性和带电性有明显的提高，粒子对电场有可逆响应且具备一定的双稳性。     

声源深度对印度洋声传播的影响分析

以分析声源深度对印度洋主要航线海区声传播的影响为研究目的,应用WOA13季节平均数据和Mackenzie声速经验公式,分析印度洋冬季(1月~3月)声道轴深度、最小声速值、表层声速值的分布;在季节、声源频率和掠射角等因素确定的情况下,通过BELLHOP模型仿真计算研究主要航线上选用位置点不同深度声源的声传播规律:印度洋35°S航线海区5 m深度声源的汇聚区位置要大于其以北航线海区的汇聚区位置;印度洋15°S以北航线海区的100 m以下深度的汇聚区较为固定;15°S航线海区100 m和4 000 m声源深度的情况与以北航线海区相同,250~3 000 m深度则出现缩小;35°S航线海区,汇聚区位置随声源深度向声道轴深度靠近而出现明显的缩小。最后为水面舰船声呐提出了使用意见。     

大鹏澳养殖海域微表层与次表层水质及浮游动物群落特征的比较

2007年5～12月对大鹏澳鱼类养殖区(St.1)、贝类养殖区(St.2)、自然海区(对照区)(St.3)微表层和次表层的水质及浮游动物群落特征进行了调查.研究表明:3个调查区域微表层浮游动物种类数分别为33、25和27种,次表层浮游动物种数分别为70、56和67种.微表层浮游动物丰度在夏季达到最高,分别为580.0 ind./L(St.1)、224.0 ind./L(St.2)、750.0 ind./L(St.3),微表层浮游动物丰度均值高于次表层,对照区最高(314.5 ind./L),鱼类养殖区(262.0 ind./L)次之,贝类养殖区(168.5 ind./L)最低.水化分析结果显示大鹏澳海区微表层对氮、磷、硅营养盐均有富集作用,TN、TP、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐富集因子平均值分别为2.02±O.13、2.16±0.18、3.36±1.04和2.12±0.10.大鹏澳不同功能海区不同水层浮游动物群落结构有很大差异,海水养殖对水质、浮游动物数量和组成有很大影响.     

海洋浮游动物学研究

中国的海洋浮游生物学由我们已故科学家郑重、金德祥教授创建于本世纪40年代。近10年来,该领域继续取得一批研究成果,促进了我国海洋浮游生物学的发展。在浮游动物生物学方面,揭示了台湾海域及其邻近海域浮游动物多样性,发现水母类39个新种,桡足类2个新种,并对浮游动物生态类群、群落结构、微小型浮游动物在生态系统中的地位和作用等基础生态学取得了系列成果。同时,开展了实验生理生态学及个体生物学研究。其中,浮游动物生化组成与生理生态功能、浮游桡足类卵型与滞育、浮游动物能学、主要浮游动物染色体、生活周期与世代,摄食生态,经济贝类幼体附着与变态等研究。     

铈—钼复合氧化物超微粒子的合成

以硝酸铈和钼酸铵为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法和微波加热技术制备了Ce2（MoO4）3超微粒子催化剂,使用DTA-TG、IR、XRD以及BET比表面测试等表征手段,考察了制备条件对复合氧化物超微粒子形成、晶相和比表面积的影响,结果表明：制备Ce2(MoO4)3超微粒子的适宜条件为：初始溶液pH=1.0,柠檬酸/（铁 钼）摩尔比等于0.4,在此条件下制得的干凝胶,经微波加热处理后,粒子的比表面积为35.8m^2/g,粒径约为40nm。     

Chernobyl nuclide record from a North Sea sediment trap

Nuclides liberated by explosion and subsequent fire at Chernobyl No. 4 reactor on 26 April 1986, travelled to Western Europe with lower tropospheric air masses. They reached the northern Alps and Paris on 30 April, southern Great Britain on 2 May, the southern North Sea on 3 May, and the northern North Sea on 3 May and again on 8 May. Levels of deposited activity varied by a factor of 30 or more over distances less than 100 km because of variability of rainfall. A sediment trap deployed 222-m-deep in the North Sea off Bergen recorded the onset and magnitude of the deposition of Chernobyl nuclides. The trap collected 13 samples between 24 April and 21 September 1986. The flux of nuclides adsorbed to particles sinking from surface waters to sediments started less than ten days after contaminated air reached the site. Maximum specific activity occurred on 16-27 May for 137Cs, 134Cs, 106Ru and 103Ru, and on 8-20 June for 144Ce, 95Nb and 95Zr. The highest activity was found for 103Ru. The highest total specific activity of these nuclides in depositing sediments reached 670,000 Bq kg-1, and the highest total activity flux for one day amounted to 50 Bq m-2.     

防城港及其附近海域水体营养化状况分析与有机污染评价

以无机氮（ＩＮ）、无机磷（ＩＰ）、化学耗氧量（ＣＯＤ）、溶解氧（ＤＯ）为基本参数，研究了防城港及附近海域水体有机污染和营养化状况．表明：调查海域未出现富营养化状况，但已出现无机氮超过富营养化标准的现象；虽然春季海水已开始受到有机污染，但周年水质状况仍属较好。对该海域无机氮的组成形式分析发现。氨氮为该海域无机氮最丰富的形式，这一点与广西其它港湾有所不同．     

The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom

Iron supply has a key role in stimulating phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll oceanic waters. However, the fate of the carbon fixed by these blooms, and how efficiently it is exported into the ocean's interior, remains largely unknown. Here we report on the decline and fate of an iron-stimulated diatom bloom in the Gulf of Alaska. The bloom terminated on day 18, following the depletion of iron and then silicic acid, after which mixed-layer particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations declined over six days. Increased particulate silica export via sinking diatoms was recorded in sediment traps at depths between 50 and 125 m from day 21, yet increased POC export was not evident until day 24. Only a small proportion of the mixed-layer POC was intercepted by the traps, with more than half of the mixed-layer POC deficit attributable to bacterial remineralization and mesozooplankton grazing. The depletion of silicic acid and the inefficient transfer of iron-increased POC below the permanent thermocline have major implications both for the biogeochemical interpretation of times of greater iron supply in the geological past, and also for proposed geo-engineering schemes to increase oceanic carbon sequestration.