纳米多层膜的微结构与超硬效应

对所研究的8种纳米多层膜（TiN/NbN、TiN/TaN、TiN/TaWN、TiN/AlN、NbN/TaN、TiN/Si3N4、W/SiC和W/Mo）的晶体结构、调制结构、生长方式和界面结构类型以及它们的超硬度效应特征进行了总结和讨论。结果认为,界面共格应变或其他原因所导致的交变应力场对薄膜造成的强化作用是纳米多层膜产生超硬效应的主要原因之一。     

多弧离子镀沉积TiAlN/TiN多层膜的结构与性能

为研究调制周期对薄膜结构和性能的影响,采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢上制备TiAlN/TiN多层膜,通过改变调制周期制备了不同层数的TiAlN/TiN多层膜,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、XP-2台阶仪、X线衍射仪(XRD)和维氏硬度计对薄膜的表面形貌、厚度、物相结构和硬度进行测量,并对实验结果进行分析和讨论.结果表明:TiAlN/TiN多层薄膜中膜层的择优生长方向主要表现为Ti Al N相的(0010)取向;调制周期的改变对薄膜的沉积速率基本没有影响;随着调制周期的减小,样品的表面质量提高,显微硬度明显变大.     

多弧离子镀制备TiN／AlN纳米多层膜及其超硬效应

采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢表面制备TiN/AlN纳米多层膜,并对 TiN/AlN纳米多层膜的表面形貌、调制机构进行表征.通过对薄膜显微硬度的测试发现,纳米多层膜的显微硬度明显高于TiN 或AlN单层薄膜的显微硬度,具有明显的超硬效应.对比试验表明,TiN/AlN纳米多层膜涂层刀具比TiN 涂层刀具具有更长的使用寿命.     

Si_3N_4/TiN纳米多层膜的超硬效应

采用磁控反应溅射工艺制备了Si3N4/TiN陶瓷纳米多层膜,运用X射线衍射、透射电镜和显微硬度仪等对纳米多层膜的微结构、应力状态和硬度进行测试.研究结果表明,Si3N4/TiN多层膜中,Si3N4层为非晶态,TiN层为晶态.Si3N4/TiN多层膜的显微硬度既受调制周期Λ的影响,同时又与调制比有关.当调制比lSi3N4/lTiN=3和调制周期Λ=12.0nm左右时,多层膜的显微硬度达到最大值,其数值比用混合法则计算的值高40%以上.根据实验结果,还提出了该体系出现超硬效应的机制     

不同调制周期对TiN/Ag多层膜结构与性能的影响

为研究不同调制周期对TiN/Ag多层膜结构和性能的影响,采用电弧离子镀技术在Si(100)、不锈钢和高速钢基底表面沉积TiN/Ag多层膜.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X线衍射仪(XRD)、XP-2台阶仪、维氏硬度计和摩擦磨损仪研究不同调制周期对TiN/Ag多层膜表面形貌、微观结构、厚度、显微硬度和摩擦系数的影响,并采用大肠杆菌实验对多层膜的抗菌性能进行研究.结果表明:TiN/Ag多层膜为面心立方结构,膜层由TiN和Ag交替组成,不存在其他杂相,多层膜具有TiN(111)晶面和Ag(111)晶面择优生长;随着调制周期的减小,多层膜表面更加平整、光滑,硬度逐渐增大,最大达到1 150.5 HV,摩擦系数先增大后减小,最小为0.189,抗菌性能逐渐减弱.     

TiN/AlN纳米多层膜的制备及力学性能

采用多靶反应磁控溅射法制备了ＴｉＮ／ＡｌＮ纳米多层膜,并通过ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ和显微硬度计对多层膜的调制结构和力学性能进行了研究．结果表明,反应磁控溅射法制得的纳米多层膜调制界面平直清晰;薄膜的硬度随其调制周期Λ的减小而单调增加,硬度在Λ＝２ｎｍ时达到最大值ＨＫ３２．９３ＧＰａ．     

调制周期对TiCrN/WN多层膜结构与力学性能的影响

为了研究调制周期对TiCrN/WN多层薄膜结构与力学性能的影响,采用超高真空射频磁控溅射系统在Si(100)基底表面制备了一系列TiCrN/WN多层薄膜,利用X线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、纳米压痕仪和表面轮廓仪等分析TiCrN/WN多层膜的结构特征以及硬度、应力和弹性模量等机械性能.结果表明:TiCrN/WN多层膜具有周期性良好的调制结构,调制界面清晰.调制周期的改变对TiCrN/WN多层膜的结构和机械性能影响较大.当调制周期Λ=25nm时,多层膜体系表现出较强的W2N(111)和TiCrN(111)择优取向.此时,多层膜的硬度和弹性模量均达到最大值,分别为40.84GPa和408.85GPa.     

VN/(Ti,Al)N纳米多层膜的共格生长与超硬效应

采用反应磁控溅射技术制备了一系列具有不同调制周期的VN/(Ti,Al) N纳米多层膜.利用高分辨透射电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪和微力学探针表征了纳米多层膜的微结构和力学性能,从而研究其微结构与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明,小调制周期时,VN/(Ti,Al) N纳米多层膜沿薄膜生长方向呈现出具有面心立方(111)晶面择优取向的共格外延生长结构.由于存在晶格错配,在共格界面作用下,VN和(Ti,Al)N调制层分别受到拉、压应力,在多层膜中产生以调制周期为周期的交变应力场.这种应力场大大阻碍了薄膜中位错穿过界面的运动,从而导致薄膜产生硬度和弹性模量异常升高的超硬效应,并在调制周期为5.6 nm时,达到硬度和弹性模量的最高值38.4GPa和421 GPa.进一步增加调制周期,两调制层之间产生非共格界面,破坏了薄膜中的交变应力场,薄膜的硬度和弹性模量也随之降低.     

SiC／W纳米多层膜的微结构和微观力学性能

用磁控溅射法在硅基底上制备了不同调制波长Λ的ＳｉＣ／Ｗ纳米多层膜,利用小角度衍射技术（ＬＸＤ）研究了各样品子层界面的调制周期性,并用上限为２０ｍＮ的超显微硬度计ＵＭＨＴ－３,对上述纳米薄膜进行了多载荷微观力学性能测试．结果表明：纳米ＳｉＣ／Ｗ调制多层膜的超显微硬度随测试负荷Ｆ和调制波长Λ的改变而变化,在负荷为５ｍＮ时峰值硬度为１９．９ＧＰａ,与均匀混合的纳米薄膜相比,超显微硬度值提高了约１倍,显示出明显的硬度异常效应．结合实验结果对硬度值随调制波长Λ出现的峰值效应作了初步探讨．     

Fe-N/TiN纳米多层膜的结构与力学特性

该文用磁控溅射法制备了一系列Fe-N/TiN纳米多层膜;利用广角和小角X射线衍射和俄歇电子能谱对多层膜的微观结构和成分进行了测试;利用纳米硬度计和纳米划痕仪研究了多层膜的微观力学性能。固定Fe-N层厚度为20nm,改变TiN层的厚度,研究了TiN层厚度变化对Fe-N/TiN纳米多层膜的附着力、硬度、弹性模量等性能的影响。发现TiN层为2nm时多层膜有最好的力学性能,说明对Fe-N/TiN多层膜来说,对力学性能影响最大的是多层膜的调制周期。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-