压力管道焊缝噘嘴和错边应力分析

利用有限元软件计算焊缝错边和螺旋焊缝噘嘴引起的弯曲应力,验证API579与BS7910标准中给出的焊缝噘嘴和错边应力计算公式.计算出噘嘴和错边弯曲应力随压力、螺旋角、噘嘴角或错边量的变化,并推荐在采用失效评定图(FAD图)对管道缺陷评定时所用的噘嘴和错边弯曲应力计算公式进行评定.     

套管腐蚀缺陷的规则化处理及抗挤强度分析

随着复杂结构井在石油钻采中的广泛应用,由腐蚀缺陷引起的套管挤毁失效问题日益突出,导致修井周期增大,开采成本增加,成为制约钻采效益的主要因素之一。针对上述问题,将GB/T 19624—2004含缺陷压力容器评定标准运用到含腐蚀缺陷套管的抗挤强度分析中,将不同形貌的套管腐蚀缺陷规则化处理。通过理论与仿真对比验证,建立了精确的含腐蚀缺陷套管有限元模型。利用ANSYS研究了不同腐蚀缺陷套管的抗挤毁强度。研究结果表明:在椭球型腐蚀缺陷长轴长度、短轴长度、缺陷深度和穿透型缺陷长度、宽度5个结构参数中,椭球型缺陷深度、短轴长度和穿透型缺陷的宽度是套管强度的最敏感参数。因此套管的抗挤强度分析应着重考虑腐蚀缺陷的影响。针对设计和使用的每种套管,都应考虑可预见的腐蚀缺陷进行精细化数值计算,以确保其安全工作。     

基于POD的含平面缺陷压力管道可靠性研究

无损检测可靠性日益受到重视,针对无损检测缺陷检出概率(POD)与管道可靠性之间的关系开展研究,建立了缺陷检出概率与缺陷尺寸分布规律的定量关系,以缺陷尺寸分布规律为基础,参照GB/T 19624-2004规范中平面缺陷常规评定方法和Monte Carlo理论,提出利用MAT-LAB软件编程实现由缺陷检出概率计算所得缺陷尺寸分布参数进行可靠性分析的安全评定新方法,并利用该方法探求缺陷检出概率和缺陷尺寸与管道结构可靠性的关系,为压力管道设备的安全运行提供必要保障。     

基于BS7910标准的X70钢环焊缝超声相控阵检出埋藏缺陷的安全评定

为降低建设成本,长输管线通常采用高等级管线钢。对于服役约9年的X70钢管道的一道环焊缝,采用超声相控阵检测,检出5处埋藏裂纹缺陷。基于"合于使用"的原则,采用BS7910:2005标准中的2 B级评定方法进行安全评价。评定结果表明,5处埋藏裂纹缺陷均在标准允许范围内,管道可以安全运行。另外,为探索埋藏缺陷承载安全的表征方法,在缺陷对应的管道外表面贴应变花,以测量缺陷管体外表面的应变。应变测试结果表明,该方法能够表征缺陷尺度与承载能力的关系。     

多缺陷相互作用及对油气管道强度影响研究

采用有限元数值计算方法,对单个均匀腐蚀管道进行模拟评价,得出管道的剩余强度,进而与标准的API579准则评价结果进行对比分析,结果表明有限元计算结果与API579准则评价结果接近,验证了有限元模型的正确。对含有不同轴向间距和不同缺陷长度的两个腐蚀缺陷的管道进行计算和分析,研究发现腐蚀缺陷的长度和轴向间距并不是单独作用的参数,在计算腐蚀干涉极限影响距离时应考虑其相互影响。通过ABAQUS有限元软件计算分析,拟合得到腐蚀缺陷在不同长度下的极限距离影响公式。该公式综合考虑了两腐蚀缺陷的长度和腐蚀轴向间距的影响,可以用于快速判断两腐蚀缺陷之间是否发生相互干涉作用。     

海洋平台原油储罐多缺陷影响安全分析

对含多个缺陷的海洋方形一体化原油储罐进行应力强度因子随参数变化的分析,考虑平台复杂载荷的影响,裂纹不同尺寸的变化和多裂纹间不同的结合规划方法.采用ANSYS有限元软件的热力耦合模块,对裂纹受力情况进行模拟.参考GB/T 19624《在用含缺陷压力容器》中相关计算方法,基于评价结果得出裂纹缺陷扩展规律,提出在安全评价中多裂纹结合方法的建议.结果生产实际相符,证明利用有限元软件对含多缺陷的海洋平台方形一体化原油储罐进行分析是可行的.     

缺陷对连续油管极限承载能力影响分析

针对含有缺陷连续油管作业过程中极易发生卡断或拉断等事故,根据现场使用后的连续油管缺陷情况,把缺陷形状归为方形、球形和椭球形三种缺陷,并开展拉伸内压复合载荷工况下连续油管承载能力的研究。对比分析不同尺寸不同形状下含缺陷连续油管应力分布规律,在此基础上绘制轴向载荷(n=N/N_0)与内压载荷(p=P/P_0)包络线,通过现场数据直接判断连续油管是否在安全工作范围。通过有限元计算结果与API5C5标准计算结果验证有限元法的有效性和精确性。在此基础上开发含缺陷连续油管安全评估软件,获得不同型号不同缺陷形状情况下轴向载荷与内压载荷的包络线,为油田现场连续油管安全施工提供保障。     

平行偏置裂纹相互作用及其合并条件

裂纹之间的相互作用因其位置和方向的不同会引起应力场的相互增强或者相互减弱效应.运用FRANC2D软件,对单向拉伸载荷作用下含2条平行偏置裂纹的平板进行有限元分析,计算得到2条平行偏置裂纹在不同几何特征下的应力强度因子和应力变化图,再现了它们相互作用的应力场叠加规律,讨论了裂纹水平间距比(s/a2)、裂纹垂直间距比(h/a2)和裂纹长度比(a2/a1)对应力强度因子的影响以及2条裂纹之间的相互作用情况.结果表明:裂纹尖端内侧在s/a2=-1.4时所受的屏蔽效应最明显,h/a2对应力强度因子的影响因s/a2表现为3种不同的变化规律,且等大裂纹的相互作用最为显著.在此基础上验证了在用含缺陷压力容器安全评定(GB/T19624-2004)中关于非共面的两相邻穿透裂纹合并条件的适用性.     

NEM700全自动大直径钢管的点式探头涡流探伤

采用了钢管旋转式、点式涡流探头扫描法,对大直径钢管(Ф325～700 mm)进行在线涡流探伤。主要对轴向伤进行探测,满足GB/T7735-2004和GB/T4082-2000等标准对无缝钢管特殊的要求。     

刚性快轴向冲击圆柱壳动力屈曲的计算机模拟

用ANSYS/LS—DYNA对轴向冲击的薄壁圆柱壳的动力屈曲进行了计算机模拟。模拟中考虑了大变形效应。模拟结果表明:径厚比、约束条件、冲击速度、材料参数等对柱壳的对称和非对称动力屈曲有明显的影响。当圆柱壳一端自由一端固定时,径厚比R/h≤26,柱壳发生轴对称屈曲;反之,发生非轴对称屈曲。当圆柱壳一端夹支一端固定时,轴对称屈曲的范围增大,其径厚比R/h≤31,发生轴对称屈曲。当径厚比、约束条件、材料参数等不变时,随着冲击速度的增大,屈曲由轴对称变为非轴对称。在相同条件下,柱壳高度在一定范围内时,轴对称屈曲的范围随着圆柱壳高度的增加而变大。材料的塑性强化模量?屈服应力等对薄壁圆柱壳的动力屈曲也有明显的影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to