Wetting behavior and interfacial characteristic of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy on Cu substrate

Wettability of molten Sn-Ag-Cu alloy on Cu substrate has been determined by sessile drop method, as well as its dependence on time and temperature. It was found that the evolution of contact angle at the alloy’s melting point experienced four different stages. Especially, the contact angle was unstable and fluctuant in stage II, and gradually decreased in stage III mainly due to a chemical reaction between Sn-Ag-Cu alloy and Cu substrate. The contact angle decreased with increasing temperature, but increased slightly at 629 K, for another chemical reaction occurred. Interfacial characteristic has been further investigated by examining the sample’s cross section. Intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and β-Sn phase were found at the interface of Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu.     

哈氏合金表面脉冲电镀镍层的制备及其耐蚀性能

采用双脉冲电镀法在哈氏合金表面制备了纯镍涂层,主要研究了正向脉冲电流密度和正向周期对电镀镍层质量的影响及其耐熔盐腐蚀性能.结果表明:随着正向电流密度和正向周期的增加,镀层厚度增大,显微硬度呈先增后减的趋势.在本实验条件下,当正向电流密度为30 A/dm2、正向周期为70 ms时,镀层质量较好.哈氏合金基材和镀镍涂层的哈氏合金试样的腐蚀失重分别为0.083 7 mg/mm2和0.053 1 mg/mm2,基材经熔盐腐蚀后由于Cr元素大量流失而呈现典型的沿晶腐蚀特点,但镀镍试样经腐蚀后镀镍层仍与基材紧密结合,基体区组织未发生明显变化,优化制备的电镀纯镍涂层显著提高了哈氏合金基体的耐熔盐腐蚀性能.     

镁合金新型电镀工艺研究

研究了一种镁合金表面直接电镀镍的新工艺.采用脉冲电流法预镀镍,再采用脉冲电流或恒电流方法电沉积镍,可在镁合金表面获得结合力、防护装饰性能优良的镍镀层.采用记时电位和动电位扫描方法研究了镁合金的直接电镀镍行为,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对镀层的微观形貌和结构进行分析.结果表明:镁合金表面经脉冲电流法预镀镍后,表面形成了稳定的薄层镍镀层,可为后续电镀镍合金提供性能良好的镀层基底;后续镀液中的促进剂具有提高电流效率、促进镀层沉积的作用.镁合金直接电镀工艺所得镀层具有非晶态结构,均匀、致密,耐蚀性能优异.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite coating on the surface of medical magnesium alloy and its corrosion resistance

The early corrosion control of biomedical magnesium alloy is an important measure to determine its good performance during implantation into human body. The deposition of calcium phosphate biological coating is the most effective solution at present. In this paper, hydroxyapatite (HAP) coating was hydrothermal synthesized on the surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy, and the influence mechanism of hydrothermal synthesis temperature, time and solution concentration was investigated. The synthesis conditions and deposition mechanism of hydroxyapatite coating without DCPA (CaHPO₄) were proposed. The surface morphology of the coating was observed by field emission electron scanning microscope (FESEM). The types and contents of microelements in the material were analyzed by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the functional group information of the coating surface. The corrosion resistance of different experimental groups was studied by electrochemical test. The results showed that when the calcium phosphate solution concentration was 0.1 ?mol/L and the calcium/phosphorus ratio was 1.67, the coating had better morphology structure and corrosion resistance, and the calcium/phosphorus ratio of HAP crystals reached 1.58, the epit of the prepared AZ31B-HAP coating by bare metal increased from ?1.51 ?V to ?1.18 ?V, the impedance value reached 1.0 ?× ?10⁵ ?Ω?cm², and the early corrosion of magnesium alloy substrate was effectively delayed.     

电解液体系对镁合金微弧氧化涂层的影响

采用3种电解液体系对AZ91镁合金进行微弧氧化（MAO）处理。通过扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱观察涂层的表面形貌和元素组成,利用X射线衍射仪对涂层物相进行分析。同时,通过比较不同电解液体系微弧氧化涂层的粗糙度、润湿角和结合力来评估其特性,并利用极化曲线评价其耐蚀性能。此外,还使用模拟体液（SBF）浸泡实验来评估涂层的生物降解性能。结果显示：微弧氧化涂层具有良好的结合力;不同电解液体系处理得到的涂层在表面形貌和物相上存在差异,其中磷酸盐体系和硅酸盐体系具有较高粗糙度,而铝酸盐体系则具有较低粗糙度;此外,在各个系统中,磷酸盐体系呈现最小的润湿角值,而铝酸盐体系呈现最大值;这些差异导致了磷酸盐体系涂层耐蚀性最强,硅酸盐体系涂层次之,铝酸盐体系涂层耐蚀性最差;模拟体液浸泡21 d后的涂层表面产生了开裂,但耐蚀性得到了提高,这归因于浸泡过程中腐蚀产物和钙磷盐沉积物对于涂层的覆盖作用。     

含氮不锈钢氮气增氮的实验及工艺

通过采用氮气增氮的实验,研究了钢液的化学成分、冶炼温度、表面活性元素和吹氮流量对钢液增氮的影响.研究结果表明:钢中的合金元素尤其是Mn、Cr等元素能够增大钢液氮的溶解度;冶炼温度提高,钢液的增氮速率增大;钢中的氧对钢液的增氮有很大的阻碍;吹氮流量增大则钢液的增氮速率相应增大.同时对含氮不锈钢采用吹入氮气增氮工艺进行了探讨,为含氮不锈钢的生产提供了参考.     

Preparing Ca-P coating on biodegradable magnesium alloy by hydrothermal method: In vitro degradation behavior

Magnesium alloys are potentially attractive biodegradable materials.However,their rapid corrosion rate limits their biomedical application.To slow down the rate of biodegradation,a protective calcium-phosphate coating was formed on a magnesium alloy substrate by a hydrothermal method.Scanning electron microscope results showed that the coating consisted of two layers with different crystalline characteristics.The loose outer layer showed a prism-like crystal structure,while the compact inner layer is a dense ultra-fine regular di-pyramid-like structure with an average grain dimension of ～200 nm.The compositions of the inner layer and outer layer were calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (Ca-def HA) and dicalcium phosphate (DCPa),respectively.The coating adhered well to the substrate with a thickness of about 15 m.Immersion in Hank’s solution indicated that the coating could significantly improve the degradation properties of magnesium alloy.The pH of the solution containing the coated samples increased much more slowly than the untreated control.After 8 d immersion,the uncoated sample had corroded seriously while the coated sample was much less corroded.The Ca/P atom ratio in both the layers of the coating increased and the coating was still protecting the substrate.The two layers of the coating corroded differently because of differences in solubility.The outer layer was more severely attacked and many holes were formed on the surface,the inner layer suffered less attack.In addition,a growth of precipitate on the inner layer was observed,indicating that surface bioactivity was improved by the coating.Thus,magnesium alloys coated with a Ca-P coating prepared by a hydrothermal method are promising candidate biodegradable biomaterials,and further investigation of in vivo degradation behavior is suggested.     

Formation mechanism of an aluminium-based chemical conversion coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

An environmentally clean aluminium-based conversion coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy was studied in aluminium nitrate solutions. The morphology, composition, structure, and formation mechanism of the coating were investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersion spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical corrosion tests. The results show that the conversion coating is composed of magnesium, aluminium, and oxygen, and shows an amorphous structure. In the initial stage of coating formation, the grain-like nucleus is composed of Al₁₀O₁₅·xH₂O, (Al₂O₃)_5.333, Al₂O₃, AlO(OH), MgAl₂O₄, (Mg_0.88Al_0.12)(Al_0.94Mg_0.06)₂O₄, and (Mg_0.68Al_0.32)(Al_0.84Mg_0.16)₂O₄. The conversion coating formed in the 0.01 mol/L aluminium nitrate solution for 15 min can improve the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy greatly. The discussion reveals that the possible formation mechanism for the aluminium-based conversion coating is the reduction reaction on micro-cathodic sites due to the electrochemically heterogeneous magnesium alloy substrate.     

Ag在单晶硅(111)基面上的反应润湿与固液界面能计算

采用滴座法研究Ag在高定向生长单晶硅(111)基面上的高温反应润湿行为及固液界面结构.结果表明,Ag/Si(111)润湿体系在1 200℃高温下的最终润湿角为96.7°,呈现不润湿现象,反应润湿界面有Si原子溶解到液态Ag中,但没有新相生成,Si和Ag仍以单质形式存在,因此Ag(l)/Si(s)界面能保持不变.通过计算得到1 200℃下Ag/Si(111)润湿体系的固体表面能和固液界面能分别为565.6和667.1 mJ.m-2.     

SO2/CO2气体对纯镁及AZ91D合金的保护行为

为探究气体保护纯镁及镁合金免于氧化及燃烧的机制,研究了体积分数为3%SO2和97%CO2混合气体在非封闭熔化炉中对熔融纯镁及AZ91D合金的保护行为。借助具有能谱测定(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别分析了熔融纯镁及AZ91D合金表面膜的显微组织、化学成分及相组成。结果表明:在680℃AZ91D合金表面膜密集连续,其厚度约为2μm,而纯镁表面膜厚度约为1μm,混合气体对AZ91D合金的保护效果优于纯镁。两种熔体表面膜由MgO、MgS及少量单质C相组成。除AZ91D表面膜含有少量Al外,两种表面膜均含有S、C、O及Mg元素。     

La2O3对Ni基合金激光熔覆层组织和耐磨性的影响

在Ｎｉ基自熔合金粉末中添加不同量的Ｌａ２Ｏ３,并利用激光形成熔覆层。利用扫描电镜、Ｘ射线能谱仪、Ｘ射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和环块摩擦磨损实验机等对激光熔覆层显微组织、化学成分、相结构、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明,在激光熔覆层中添加Ｌａ２Ｏ３能细化和净化显微组织;降低基材对熔覆层的稀释率;减小固溶体的晶格常数;提高熔覆层的显微硬度;降低熔覆层摩擦系数并提高其耐磨性能。该文还探讨了Ｌａ２Ｏ３作用的机理。     

铝及铝镁合金的室温电沉积制备

采用氯化铝-氢化铝锂-四氢呋喃-苯的有机体系电沉积铝,并在此基础上,研究n（氯化铝）∶n（氯化镁）=10∶1时电沉积铝镁合金的工艺条件.结果表明,采用该法在室温下能够成功制备铝及铝镁合金,电沉积铝比沉积铝镁合金条件容易控制,沉积效果也优于铝镁合金.当电流密度为0.010A/cm2,苯与四氢呋喃的体积比为8∶7,氢化铝锂的质量为1.27g时,成功获得了灰黑色粉末状的铝镁镀层,但晶粒较大,镀层与铜基体的结合力差.通过SEM和XRD对镀层进行形貌观察和成分检测可知,该铝镁合金成分为Al3Mg2,且随着电沉积时间的加长,镀层厚度随之增加.     

金属镍基体表面熔盐电沉积制备石墨涂层

在Li F-Li2CO3熔盐体系中电化学还原碳酸根离子,在镍阴极表面得到石墨涂层.通过循环伏安法研究了碳酸根离子的电化学行为,结合扫描电镜研究了温度和沉积电位对涂层表面形貌的影响,并对涂层性能进行了测试.结果表明:碳酸根电化学还原为碳的反应是一个不可逆过程;在690℃,-1.5 V电沉积时阴极表面形成了呈锯齿状结合的渗碳层.在-1.1 V电沉积时涂层表面形貌呈球形颗粒状,-1.5 V电沉积时涂层呈晶须状.石墨涂层使金属镍在3.5%的氯化钠溶液中的自腐蚀电位增加了739 m V.     

High-temperature oxidation resistance of ceramic coatings on titanium alloy by micro-arc oxidation in aluminate solution

Ceramic coatings with aluminum titanuate (Al₂TiO₅) were prepared on Ti–6Al–4V alloy using pulsed bi-polar Micro-arc Oxidation (MAO). The micromorphology and phase composition of the micro-arc-oxidition ceramic coatings on the titanium alloy were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The results revealed that the distinct discharge channels and pores on the surface of the micro-arc-oxidition coatings appeared, and these channels were connected in the molten state. The electrolyte concentration was inversely proportional to the coating hardness; additionally, the coating prepared with sodium aluminate and sodium hypophosphite concentrations of 4 ?g/L and 0.5 ?g/L, respectively, was the most refined after high-temperature sintering, and it was demonstrated to better prevent oxidation. Increasing the electrolyte concentration coincided with fluctuating coating thermal shock resistance. The thermal shock resistance of the coating respectively prepared with sodium aluminate, and the sodium hypophosphite concentrations of 4 ?g/L and 0.5 ?g/L was the highest. Additionally, the high-concentration coatings performed significantly better than the low-concentration coatings. The oxidation resistance of the coating samples was also significantly higher than that of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate. The adhesion strength between the coatings and the substrate with and without the sealing treatment was measured by tensile tests. Then, the high-temperature oxidation performance of the coating samples with and without the sealing treatment was investigated by conducting a high-temperature oxidation experiment at a calcinating temperature of 500 ?°C. The results indicate that the adhesion strength between the coatings and substrate was high for the as-prepared and sealed micro-arc oxidation samples regardless of whether they were calcined. The high-temperature oxidation mass increase curves for the sealed and unsealed coating samples calcined at 500 ?°C for 500 ?h revealed that the high-temperature-oxidation-induced mass increase of the coating samples sealed with a sodium silicate solution was much lower than that of the titanium alloy substrate. Thus, the sealing treatment significantly improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the TC4 titanium alloy. Lastly, the high-temperature oxidation behavior at 500 ?°C was analyzed and discussed.     

AZ91D镁合金表面环保型钙系磷化膜的制备及其耐蚀性

采用化学转化处理的方法,在AZ91D镁合金的表面制备了均匀致密的钙系磷化膜,其中磷化液配方中不含铬、氟及亚硝酸盐等对环境有害的离子.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了磷化时间及温度对磷化膜结构和相组成的影响.结果表明：磷化时间为20 min,磷化温度为40℃时,所得到的磷化膜的致密性和均匀性较好.与空白基体相比,经磷化处理后的镁合金在3.5 ％NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能明显提高.     

Surface tension of molten Al-Si alloy at temperatures ranging from 923 to 1123 K

The surface tension of molten AlSi20 alloy has been measured by using the sessile drop method at 923-1123 K under argon atmosphere in both heating-up and cooling processes. The result shows that the surface tension of this alloy decreases as long as temperature increases. The results of surface tension and contact angles in heating-up process have differences from those obtained in cooling process, because the metal microstructures have some changes at different temperatures based on the metal genetic theory. The surface tension of molten AISi20 alloy and that of molten pure aluminum have been compared as well, and the temperature coefficient of AlSi20 alloy is slightly lower than that of AI. The result has been analyzed by the linear scanning analysis with ESEM. The concentration of silicon in most region of the bulk is lower than that of the surface and the addition of Si to pure AI decreases the surface tension of molten pure Al.     

TiO2对磁控溅射Ti-TiO2纳米复合涂层抗菌性能的影响

为预防种植体周围炎,采用反应磁控溅射法在纯Ti片表面制备了Ti-TiO₂纳米复合涂层,改变Ti靶材与TiO₂靶材的拼接比例,研究纳米TiO₂体积分数对涂层微观结构和抗菌性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、接触角测量仪对样品进行微观组织的表征以及表面粗糙度和润湿性能的测量,采用CCK-8法(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)对涂层进行细胞毒性测试,采用平板涂布计数法对涂层进行抗菌性能评价。结果表明,当Ti靶材与TiO₂靶材的拼接比例为95∶5时,Ti-TiO₂涂层含纳米TiO₂量最多,涂层的表面粗糙度以及与液相接触角达到最大值,分别为1.28 nm和100.42°,涂层无细胞毒性,符合生物安全性材料的标准,涂层的抗菌性能最佳,涂层的抑菌率达到了90.94%。     

木塑复合材料表面润湿性研究

利用JC2000A型接触角测量仪,通过对接触角的测量,计算并分析了蒸馏水和甘油2种液体对聚苯乙烯塑料及其木塑复合材的表面润湿性.试验结果表明:随着塑料中木材含量的增加,材料的表面能也在增加;同时,利用接触角数学模型方程能够较好地拟合聚苯乙烯及其与木材复合材的接触角随时间的变化规律.     

Effect of different atmospheres on dry friction behavior of steel sliding against brass at high speed

The atmosphere components have an influence on tribological behaviors of tribo-pairs. Through changing the atmosphere component, the effect of atmosphere component on the tribological behaviors of CrNiMo steel against brass at high sliding velocity was investigated. The wear test was carried out on a high-speed friction and wear test rig whose test atmosphere could be controlled. The tests were performed at four sliding velocities （30, 40, 50, 60 m/s）, one contact pressure （1.33 MPa） and two atmosphere components （N2 or O2）. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of various pins were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions of the surfaces and subsurfaces for steels were determined with an energy dispersion spectroscopy. The results showed that the wear rate of the steel pins were low all the time with the sliding velocity increasing in oxygen atmosphere, and that the wear rate of the steel pin in nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of the steel pin in oxygen atmosphere. It was found that the thin and compact oxidation layer formed on the worn surface of the steel in oxygen atmosphere played a key role in wear resistance. However, the wear rate of the steel pin increased rapidly with the sliding velocity increasing in nitrogen atmosphere, which was attributed to the thick and loose surface layer formed on the worn surface of the steel.     

稀土在Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金中的作用

采用氟盐法制备了Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金,并对其进行了细化效果实验,利用扫描电镜研究了Al-Ti-B-RE中间合金的微观组织特征.研究结果表明:加入稀土对TiAl3晶粒的大小、形貌及分布有显著影响;稀土增大了铝熔体与TiB2之间的润湿角,使TiB2不易聚集和沉淀,增强了中间合金的细化性能;稀土易聚集在晶界和相界面,减少晶核与液体间的接触面积,增大形核率,对TiAl3合金晶粒的细化效果明显.