一体化小腿假肢对线角度优化设计

在一体化小腿假肢设计阶段,必须确定接受腔和腿管之间的正常对线角度。该文以矢状面和额状面2个对线角为设计变量,以异常对线下3个下肢生物力学特性参数与正常对线下相应取值偏差最小为优化目标,建立了优化计算模型。根据步态实验数据和小腿三维动力学模型,采用二次插值法,计算并获得了最优对线角。矢状面有0.32°屈膝角,额状面有2.85°内收角,与实验测量值基本一致。该算法可以用于一体化假肢的数字化设计和传统组件式假肢对线准则的制订。     

对线对小腿截肢患者残侧下肢生物力学特性的影响

为定量研究假肢对线对小腿截肢患者行走过程中残侧下肢生物力学特性的综合影响,建立了考虑对线设置的三维刚体动力学模型,并结合步态实验,得到膝关节力矩、步态时相对称性和残端界面压力等参数。结果表明:异常对线主要影响残侧膝关节力矩和步态时相对称性,对残端压力影响较小;腿管近端适配器的调整在对线设置中的作用较远端适配器明显;由于患者的自身调节作用,假肢正常对线要实现患者下肢生物力学性能的总体最优而非单项最优。     

一种外骨骼式康复机器人训练效果仿真

针对外骨骼式下肢康复机器人训练有效性的问题,开展了基于人体生物力学软件Any Body的康复训练仿真实验研究.通过人体动作捕捉实验,获取一成年男子在正常步行时的运动学信息,利用Any Body建立人体步行模型,并以下肢肌肉受力情况为依据确定下肢主要肌肉群.建立人-机系统模型,借助Hill方程,以人体下肢肌肉收缩速率作为判断标准,通过模拟实现矢状面内运动的外骨骼式下肢康复机器人的康复运动,获取下肢主要肌肉的收缩速率变化情况,并将其与正常步行时的肌肉收缩速率进行比较与分析.结果表明,两种情况下大腿肌肉群的收缩速率变化情况基本一致,小腿与髋部肌肉群差异较明显.改进外骨骼结构,使其能够同时实现在冠状面内的运动,比较在两种结构下的下肢主要肌肉收缩速率变化情况,结果表明髋部肌肉产生了较为明显的波动.因此,能实现矢状面内运动的外骨骼式下肢康复机器人能够有效训练大腿肌肉群,但对小腿与髋部肌肉的训练效果不明显,加入冠状面运动后,能提高对髋部肌肉的训练效果.     

对线对小腿截肢患者残侧下肢生物力学特性的影响

为定量研究假肢对线对小腿截肢患者行走过程中残侧下肢生物力学特性的综合影响,建立了考虑对线设置的三维刚体动力学模型,并结合步态实验,得到了膝关节力矩、步态时相对称性和残端界面压力等参数。结果表明:异常对线主要影响残侧膝关节力矩和步态时相对称性,对残端压力影响较小;腿管近端适配器的调整在对线设置中的作用较远端适配器明显;因为患者的自身调节作用,假肢正常对线要实现患者下肢生物力学性能的总体最优而非单项最优。     

车用膜式空气弹簧囊体帘线受力有限元分析

针对特定空气弹簧的断面轮廓形状和帘线结构形式建立了空气弹簧结构计算的有限元模型，着重分析了帘线角、初始气压及下沉量对空气弹簧充气、压缩状态气囊囊体帘线受力的基本特征．结果表明：充气状态下，帘线受力基本取决于初始气压，帘线角和下沉量影响很小；压缩状态下。帘线受力在气囊与上盖板和底部活塞接触部分较为复杂，受帘线角、初始气压、下沉量影响很大；帘线包裹钢丝圈部分出现受压或张力不足的情况，可以通过帘线结构的合理设计来克服。     

主被动踝关节假肢力/位混合控制研究

为了满足小腿截肢患者的运动需求,根据踝关节在人体步态周期中的生物力学特性,结合已有的研究基础和实验条件,研制了第一代主被动混合驱动的踝关节假肢样机。通过对样机仿生运动的分析和运动模型的建立,提出了一种基于有限状态机的力/位混合伺服控制系统,采用PID和模糊PID两种控制算法对假肢运动进行Matlab仿真和角度控制实验。实验结果表明,该假肢样机可以得到类似人体运动的踝关节角度-力矩曲线,并且模糊PID算法控制输出的曲线更加符合人体特性,从而验证了样机设计的合理性和控制方案的可行性,为进一步实现样机的应用提供了依据。     

矢状面内人体屈伸运动的生物力学研究

研究了矢状面内人体从屈曲90°到直立过程中骨组织、椎间盘及韧带的力学规律.利用CT图像的Hounsfield值与弹性模量间的关系确定骨组织的材料模量,通过等效材料方法简化纤维环模型.在人体自重、外载荷及肌肉力作用下,分析矢状面内人体从屈曲90°到直立过程中的生物力学特点.结果表明:屈曲搬物时损伤发生在腰骶部及T10附近;椎间盘及椎弓根的危险部位在腰骶关节处;屈曲时胸椎后凸增大及重物靠近身体有助于减小肌肉的受力,避免或减少损伤的发生.     

基于摄影测量技术的岩体结构面参数的获取

为了更高效、全面、安全的获得岩体结构面参数,建立了两种从三维模型中获取结构面参数的算法：ply2parameter算法和scanline算法。Ply2parameter算法在三维模型上对表现形式为平面的面状结构面采样,根据采样得到的结构面顶点集合,使用主成分分析计算结构面的法向量,计算岩体结构面参数。sancline算法计算出在三维模型上沿着虚拟测线标记出的面状结构面和表现形式为迹线的线状结构面的参数。最后对结构面进行优势分组;以甘肃北山的一个岩石露头为例应用上述两个算法。将得到的结果和野外实测的结果对比,显示出了良好了相关性。     

等基圆锥齿轮的齿面曲率分析

以数控加工技术和等基圆曲线齿锥齿轮理论为基础,导出了考虑齿线修形时,仿形加工等基圆锥齿轮的指状铣刀中心轨迹方程;确定了考虑齿廓修形时指状铣刀的廓线方程;导出了铣刀回转曲面的主曲率、主方向和任意方向的法曲率;按共轭曲面理论,由刀具曲面的几何结构和刀具与轮坯的相对运动,确定了被加工齿面的法矢、主方向、主曲率和任意方向的法曲率·为齿面啮合分析、修形设计及强度计算奠定了基础·     

残肢与接受腔的三维有限元动态分析

以小腿残肢为研究对象，建立了残肢与接受腔三维有限元模型．根据行走过程中残肢与接受腔的动态边界条件，对残肢在一个步态周期内的5个典型步态时相进行了动态受力分析．结果表明，残肢的受力主要分布在髌韧带、胫骨内突、胫骨前脊、胫骨远端、腓骨头及腓骨远端．有限元动态分析较精确地分析了残肢在行走中的受力情况，克服了静态分析不能模拟残肢随步态变化的受力情况的局限性，为假肢接受腔的优化提供了科学的设计依据．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-