供油提前角对LPG/柴油混合燃料发动机的影响

通过测试燃烧压力,计算瞬时燃烧放热率和燃烧循环变动率,研究供油提前角变化对液化石油气(LPG)/柴油混合料发动机燃烧特性和燃烧循环变动的影响.试验结果表明:供油提前角增大,最高燃烧压力和最大瞬时燃烧放热率增大,所对应的曲轴转角提前;随着供油提前角的增大,混合燃料的滞燃期延长;在较低转速时,供油提前角为22°CA BTDC时,混合燃料的燃烧持续期最短,在较高转速时,供油提前角对燃烧持续期的影响与发动机的负荷有关;供油提前角和负荷对混合燃料发动机最高燃烧压力循环变动率的影响没有明显的规律;转速增加,循环变动率略有增大.     

生物制气-柴油发动机放热规律的影响因素

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料．双燃料发动机由一单缸、四冲程、水冷、直喷式柴油机改装而成,生物制气通过发动机进气管,在进气过程中被吸入气缸．实测生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,根据气缸压力计算放热规律并分析转速、负荷及供油提前角对它的影响．负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃加重;转速增大时,燃烧推迟;供油提前角增大时,最大放热率降低,对应相位提前,后燃减少．     

供油提前角对甲醇发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响

通过电热塞助燃法,在ZS1115单缸柴油机上实现了M100纯甲醇的扩散燃烧,充分利用柴油机热效率高的优点,有效提高了甲醇燃料的能量转化效率。通过改变供油提前角,研究了不同供油提前角对甲醇发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响。研究表明:随着供油提前角的增大,最大爆发压力和压力升高率增大,燃烧放热始点提前,放热峰值增大,且出现相位提前。供油提前角的变化对CO排放影响不大,对HC及NOx排放影响明显。增大供油提前角,HC排放增多而NOx排放减少。     

引燃油量对甲醇柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响

在一台TY1100单缸柴油机的进气管上安装了一套电控甲醇喷射装置，采用柴油引燃甲醇方式，开展了引燃油量对甲醇柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性影响的研究．结果表明：在相同的平均有效压力和转速下，随着引燃油量的减少，双燃料燃烧的滞燃期延长，主燃期缩短，缸内气体最高爆发压力和最大压力升高率在高负荷时增加，放热率曲线第1峰值增大，第2峰值减小，表明预混燃烧量增加而扩散燃烧量减少；高负荷时放热率曲线型心向上止点靠近，燃烧等容度提高，燃油经济性改善；提高转速和增大供油提前角，最大放热率和最大压力均增加．     

柴油机加速时喷油燃烧过程研究

测量柴油机加速时油管嘴端压力、气缸压力每循环的变化，进行喷油过程模拟计算及放热规律计算，分析油管压力、供油提前角、喷油提前角、喷汪规律、每循环喷油量及气缸压力、最大爆发压力、最大压力升高率、平均指示压力、燃烧始点、放热规律等参数第循环的连续变化。     

缸内直喷液化石油气/柴油混合燃料发动机燃烧特性研究

根据实测示功图,系统分析了柴油中掺混不同比例的液化石油气(LPG)时发动机的燃烧放热规律.研究结果表明:混合燃料中LPG的质量分数小于10%时,其燃烧放热规律与纯柴油基本相同,随着LPG质量分数的增大,最高爆发压力和压力升高率降低,对应的曲轴转角滞后;当发动机转速较低时,在LPG质量分数大于20%后,混合燃料的燃烧始点比纯柴油延迟7°~11°,最高燃烧放热率略高于纯柴油,对应的曲轴转角滞后,预混合燃烧量增加,扩散燃烧量减小,燃烧持续期缩短约6°~9°;当发动机转速较高时,在LPG质量分数大于20%后,混合燃料的燃烧始点比柴油延迟11°~13°,最高燃烧放热率远低于纯柴油,燃烧持续期延长约22°~25°;在不优化发动机供油提前角等参数时,LPG的质量分数不宜高于20%.     

柴油机加速时喷油及燃烧过程研究

测量柴油机加速时油管嘴端压力、气缸压力每循环的变化，进行喷油过程模拟计算发放热规律计算，分析油管压力、供油提前角、喷油提前角、喷油规律、每循环喷油量及气缸压力、最大爆发压力、最大压力升高率、平均指示压力、燃烧始点、放热规律等参数每循环的连续变化．     

基于BP神经网络双燃料发动机放热率计算与试验

利用BP神经网络理论,建立预测生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机放热规律的BP神经网络模型,经试验验证,预测模型误差在工程允许范围内,可以作为一种新型的预测双燃料发动机放热规律的方法.同时研究了双燃料发动机性能参数对放热规律的影响.结果表明,转速降低,燃烧始点相对提前,放热率峰值对应相位相对提前;转速不变负荷增加时,燃烧始点相对提前,引燃柴油的滞燃期缩短,最大放热率升高,对应的曲轴转角提前,但后燃现象严重.     

二甲醚预混比对预混压燃发动机性能影响的试验研究

在一台由2105柴油机改装成的预混压燃(PCCI)发动机上研究了二甲醚(DME)预混比对燃烧、排放特性以及燃油经济性的影响.结果表明,随着DME预混比的增大,PCCI发动机燃烧始点前移,缸内最高燃烧温度和最大爆发压力均逐渐增大,压力升高率曲线由2个波峰发展成3个波峰,最大压力升高率随着DME预混比的增加先增大后减小再增大,放热过程由2个阶段发展到3个阶段,放热率曲线整体前移,累积放热率逐渐增大且迅速升高的位置前移,整个燃烧持续期逐渐缩短,NOx和碳烟排放量降低,当量燃油消耗率逐渐下降,有效热效率逐渐升高.     

预混均质充量压缩燃烧发动机燃烧与排放特性

为改善柴油机的燃烧和排放特性,在一台2105柴油机上开展了二甲醚(DME)预混比和废气再循环(EGR)对二甲醚-柴油双燃料预混均质充量压缩燃烧(PCCI)发动机的燃烧与排放特性影响的试验研究,通过在进气道预混DME和缸内直喷柴油实现了PCCI燃烧模式。试验结果表明:随着DME预混比的增加,放热过程由两阶段放热发展到三阶段放热,燃烧始点前移,最高爆发压力逐渐增大且对应的相位不断提前;冷EGR导致的PCCI发动机最高爆发压力下降的程度、瞬时放热率峰值及压力升高率峰值对应的相位滞后程度均随着DME预混比的增加逐渐减弱;随着DME预混比的增大和EGR率的减小,当量有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低,有效热效率逐渐升高;DME预混比和EGR率增大可有效降低NOx排放,但是HC和CO排放有所增加。文中工况下最优DME预混比为30%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-