沥青乳化剂乳化效果的研究

用从造纸废液中提取的木质素与亚硫酸钠反应,合成磺化木素(EL-2-1)。以虹外、元素分析方法给予鉴定。二亚乙基三胺与油酸经缩合、环化反应,生成氨基乙基氢化咪唑啉。用EL-2-1、咪唑啉作乳化剂对胜利100~*乙道路沥青进行乳化效果的考察。试验结果表明,两种乳化剂均能较好地乳化胜利100~*乙道路沥青。沥青乳液的拌和稳定度试验结果表明,EL-2-1为慢裂型乳化剂;咪唑啉为快裂型乳化剂。     

沥青乳化剂及沥青乳液性能研究

测定了 4种沥青乳化剂的临界胶束浓度、临界胶束浓度下的表面张力以及沥青乳液的油水界面张力和 ζ电位。考察了胜华 10 0 # 道路沥青的最佳乳化工艺条件以及水中阴、阳离子对油水界面 ζ电位的影响。研究结果表明 ,乳化剂的性质是决定乳化效果及沥青乳液基本性质的主要因素 ,乳化剂水溶液 pH值对乳化效果的影响比乳化剂浓度和乳化温度的影响大。乳化沥青油水界面张力越低 ,ζ电位越高 ,乳状液的稳定性越好     

一种新型甜菜碱型沥青乳化剂的合成及在线红外光谱分析

以月桂醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺、氯乙酸经三步反应合成出一种新型甜菜碱型沥青乳化剂.确定了第一步合成2-(十二烷氧基亚甲基)环氧乙烷的最佳反应条件,其收率为75.7%.利用红外光谱对3种产物结构进行了表征,利用在线红外光谱技术对第一步合成2-(十二烷氧基亚甲基)环氧乙烷的反应进行追踪分析,检测出中间体.基于以上实验数据,提出了合理的反应机理.最终产物的临界胶束浓度为8.8×10-5mol/L,在临界胶束浓度下的表面张力为21.2 mN/m.该乳化剂属于中裂型沥青乳化剂.     

沥青乳化剂及沥青乳液性能研究

测定了4种沥青乳化剂的临界胶束浓度，临界胶束浓度下的表面张力以及沥青乳液的油-水界面张力和ζ电位，考察了胜华100#道路沥青的最佳乳化工艺条件以及水中阴，阳离子对油-水界面ζ电位的影响。研究结果表明，乳化剂的性质是决定乳化效果及沥青乳液基本性质的主要因素，乳化剂水溶液pH值对乳化效果的影响比乳化剂浓度和乳化温度的的影响大。乳化沥青油-水界面张力越低，ζ电位越高，乳状液的稳定性越好。     

十二烷氧基双氧乙烯基乙酸咪唑啉乙酸盐的合成和性能

以十二烷氧基双氧乙烯基乙酸为原料,与二乙三胺反应合成了咪唑啉环,进而合成了乙酸盐型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂.测定了其水溶液的表面张力、起泡性能和临界胶束浓度,讨论了反应条件对表面活性剂性能的影响,找出了成环反应的最佳条件.即以乙酸异戊酯为溶剂,二乙三胺/十二烷氧基双氧乙烯基乙酸摩尔比为4∶1,在184℃以上反应8.5h.     

SXK-1型改性乳化沥青的研制

介绍了SXK-1型改性乳化沥青的研制情况。讨论了基质沥青的选择、改性剂的选择、乳化剂的研制等问题。阐述了SXK-1型乳化沥青和乳化沥青混合料的性能测试、乳化剂对基质沥青性能影响、改性效果评价SXK-1型改性乳化沥青在公路养护工程中的应用情况。研究证明,SXK-1型改性乳化沥青性能稳定、与石料粘附性好、能适应多种石料,基本达到慢裂快凝乳化效果。     

以十八胺为原料的季铵盐型沥青乳化剂的合成与性能

以十八胺、丙烯酸和氯乙酸为反应原料,制备了一种新型季铵盐沥青乳化剂,即:十八烷基-双(2-羧乙基)-羧甲基氯化铵.得到了十八烷基二丙酸基叔胺(第一步产物)的最佳反应条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间5 h,丙烯酸与十八胺的摩尔比2. 20,反应产率为52. 39%.利用红外光谱FTIR、氢核磁共振1H NMR和元素分析对产物的化学结构进行了鉴定.利用在线红外光谱(online FTIR)对十八烷基二丙酸基叔胺的合成过程进行分析,提出了相应的反应机理.采用电导法测得沥青乳化剂的临界胶束浓度CMC为2×10~(-3)mol/L.对该乳化剂进行了乳化性能测试,该乳化剂与NP-10按一定比例复配,对AH-90重交沥青具有很好的乳化能力,其乳化沥青具有很好的贮存稳定性,该乳化剂是一种快裂型沥青乳化剂.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型阳离子沥青乳化剂的合成及在线红外光谱研究

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-10)、三乙胺和环氧氯丙烷为原料,反应合成出新型N-(3-壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(10)-2-羟基)丙基-N,N,N-三乙基氯化铵阳离子沥青乳化剂.确定最佳反应条件为:反应时间8 h,反应温度70℃,Na OH与NP-10的摩尔比1.0,环氧氯丙烷与NP-10的摩尔比1.2,三乙胺与NP-10的摩尔比1.2.在最佳工艺条件下产物收率可达48.72%.采用红外光谱(FTIR)对产物结构进行了鉴定.采用在线红外光谱(online FTIR)手段对反应进程进行跟踪,检测出生成了中间体.基于相关实验数据,合理地提出了反应机理.产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为1.19×10-3mol/L,该数值较小,在CMC下的表面张力为40.13 m N/m.该乳化剂对沥青的乳化能力良好,得到的乳化沥青有良好的储存稳定性,归属于慢裂型产品.     

油酸改性甲基葡萄糖酰胺的合成及其性能

以油酸、葡萄糖、甲胺等为原料合成一种新型非离子表面活性剂油酸改性甲基葡萄糖酰胺.考察了影响酰胺化反应的主要因素并对产物进行红外光谱分析,测定其临界胶束浓度及在临界胶束浓度下的表面张力值.结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:甲基葡萄糖酰胺和油酸的摩尔比为2.5,反应时间为8h,反应温度为90℃,催化剂用量占油酸用量的摩尔分数为1.5%.在此优化条件下合成的产物在25℃水溶液体系中的临界胶束浓度值和临界胶束浓度时的表面张力值分别为0.046mmol/L和26.7mN/m,表明产物油酸改性甲基葡萄糖酰胺具有很高的表面活性.     

十八烷基-双(2-羟基丙基)-乙酸钠基氯化铵沥青乳化剂的合成

第一步采用十八烷基伯胺与环氧丙烷反应合成了十八烷基-双(2-羟基丙基)叔胺中间体;第二步反应为该中间体继续与氯乙酸钠发生季铵化反应得到沥青乳化剂十八烷基-双(2-羟基丙基)-乙酸钠基氯化铵.第二步优化反应条件:反应温度为75℃,氯乙酸钠与十八烷基伯胺的摩尔比为1. 10,反应时间为4h,产率为79. 00%.采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、氢核磁(¹H-NMR)和元素分析对合成产物的化学结构进行了解析和结构分析表征.采用电导率法测得产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为3. 49×101H-NMR)和元素分析对合成产物的化学结构进行了解析和结构分析表征.采用电导率法测得产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为3. 49×10^(-3)mol/L.该乳化剂是一种快裂型沥青乳化剂.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the