洱海泥炭质土滞回曲线形态特征的定量研究

以重塑泥炭质土为研究对象,利用全球数字系统(global digital systems,GDS)动三轴仪对土体进行循环加载试验,分析一系列围压、固结比(Kc)、频率下土体滞回曲线演化规律,采用滞回曲线长轴斜率(k)、中心偏移量(d)、动应变幅值(εm)和包围的面积(S)对洱海高原湖相泥炭质土滞回曲线形态特征进行定量描述.试验结果表明:泥炭质土滞回曲线较为封闭,整体呈长梭形,在相同动应力幅值下,εm随围压、固结比、频率增大而减小,且减小速度逐渐降低;k随动应力幅值(σm)增大呈对数关系衰减,随围压、固结比、频率增大而增大,加载前期对频率变化表现不敏感;d和S随σm增大呈两阶段增大,加载前期增大平缓,后以指数关系快速增大;d和S随围压和频率增大而减小,且对频率变化表现更敏感;非等压固结(Kc≠1.0)条件下的d比等压固结(Kc=1.0)条件下更大,且S即土体完成一个荷载循环消耗能量更小.     

致密砂岩循环加载试验及能量演化分析

为研究复杂应力路径下致密砂岩的力学行为,采用多功能岩石三轴测试系统开展围压为5 MPa、15 MPa和20 MPa的三轴循环加卸载试验并进行能量演化分析。试验结果表明:砂岩的抗压强度随着围压增加而增大,围压5 MPa、15 MPa、20 MPa下的体积最大压缩点对应的轴向偏应力分别为80.68 MPa、120.72 MPa、152.12 MPa;加卸载过程中会有部分外荷载做功转化成内能和其他形式能量,因而应力-应变曲线形成滞回环,并且随着应力的增加滞回效应逐渐明显;砂岩以剪切破坏形式为主,同时产生轴向和侧向倾斜裂纹。能量演化分析表明:岩石的破坏是弹性能积累到峰值突然释放的结果;岩样破坏前的峰值弹性能会随围压线性增加,围压对峰值弹性能的影响显著。     

分级加载条件下泥炭质土滞回曲线演化规律试验研究

针对目前泥炭质土滞回特性研究缺乏的现状,通过一系列不同围压、固结比、加载频率等条件下的分级加载动三轴试验,采用滞回圈的整体斜率k、中心偏移距离d、包围面积S等参数定量分析昆明泥炭质土滞回曲线的形态特征、影响因素及其演化规律,并与其他土进行对比。研究结果表明:泥炭质土滞回曲线呈长梭形,k即土体刚度随动载振幅呈对数关系衰减,随围压、固结比增大而增大,加载频率对k影响较小;d即土体塑性变形量和S即能量耗散在初始加载阶段增长缓慢,后随动载振幅以指数关系快速增长;加载频率和围压越小,d和S越大;对泥炭质土塑性变形而言,存在某一临界固结比,且非等压固结条件下(K_c≠1.0)塑性变形明显比同振级等压固结条件下(K_c=1.0)的大;围压、加载频率(1~5 Hz)对d和S影响较显著;与海洋软土等相比,泥炭质土对动载振幅和加载频率更加敏感,塑性变形和损伤更容易累积。     

珠江口海洋软土滞回曲线特征研究

采用不同频率循环加载的方式对珠江口海洋软土进行动三轴试验,通过对软土滞回曲线的分析可以了解到动应变幅值、残余应变、刚度和能量耗散能力的变化,结果表明：随着荷载的增大,动应变幅值越大,残余应变先增大后减小,刚度和能量耗散能力减小;随着频率的增大,动应变幅值、残余应变以及能力耗散能力均减小,但刚度无明显变化.     

石灰改良路基填料的动力特性试验研究

利用GDS动三轴仪对石灰改良路基填料开展动三轴UU试验,以石灰掺量、围压及动应力幅值为变量,分析了石灰改良土的累积轴向应变及应力应变滞回特性的变化规律。试验结果表明:首级加载下,各土样的轴向变形随循环加载次数增加先增大后趋于稳定,素土变形最大,2 000次振动后累积轴向应变接近6%,各石灰改良土在2 000次振动后累积轴向应变低于2%,其中L_C=6%约0.57%;同一石灰掺量下,土体变形随动应力幅值增大而增大,随围压增大而减小;土样的应力应变滞回圈随围压增大越靠近竖轴,面积越大,抵抗变形能力变强,滞回圈随动应力幅值增大距离竖轴越远,抵抗变形能力越弱。     

NaCl溶液改良膨胀土滞回曲线形态特征

为研究NaCl溶液改良膨胀土滞回曲线变化规律,基于GDS动三轴仪,开展了不同NaCl溶液浓度和固结围压条件下膨胀土的动三轴试验研究,通过四个特征参数：长轴斜率(k)、内面积(S)、不闭合大小(εp)和饱满度(α)分别对滞回曲线的应变轴倾斜程度、面积大小程度、不闭合程度和宽窄程度进行形态特征的定量描述。结果表明：膨胀土滞回曲线呈斜椭圆形;相同NaCl溶液浓度下,随着加载围压的增大,k值增大,S值、εp值和α值均呈非线性衰减;相同加载围压下,随着NaCl溶液浓度的增大,εp值减小,S值、k值和α值均呈非线性增大;不同加载条件下,S值和α值有类似的变化关系,当动应变小于0.1%时,S值和α值基本无变化,随着动应变逐渐增大,S值和α值呈指数形式迅速增大;与未改良膨胀土相比,经NaCl溶液改良后膨胀土滞回曲线k值,S值和α值均增大,εp值减小。综合分析,NaCl溶液改良膨胀土的动力特性较未改良土有显著提高。     

水泥改良泥质板岩土动力特性试验

针对未改良和水泥改良的泥质板岩砂土,利用振动三轴仪开展不同加载频率和围压作用下的循环振动加载试验,研究土的动弹性模量、阻尼比、动力强度和动力累积变形等参数的变化规律,对比改良土和未改良土的试验结果,分析和评价改良效果。研究结果表明:改良土的动应力与动应变关系骨干曲线为双曲线;改良土阻尼比随动应变幅值增大而增大,近似为双曲线函数关系;改良土初始动弹性模量随围压增大而增大,最大阻尼比随围压增大而减小;改良土初始动弹性模量随加载频率增大而增大,但加载频率对最大阻尼比的影响不大;改良土动应力强度和破坏振次的对数呈线性递减关系;水泥改良后,泥质板岩土的动力强度和初始动弹性模量显著提高,而最大阻尼比变化不大。改良土动力变形稳定性比未改良土的强。     

岩石在循环加载下的力学特性

采用试验设备MTS-815岩石和混凝土试验系统,对40MPa围压作用的岩样进行了常规三轴试验和不同频率的轴向循环加载试验。施加的循环荷载频率分别为0.1Hz,1Hz和3Hz。岩样为砂岩,试样平均直径为48.9mm,高度与直径之比为2:1。试验结果表明:在相同围压作用下,频率对岩样的残余变形和破坏模式有很大影响。频率越高,破坏时的残余轴向应变越大和破坏次数越多,岩样的初始刚度越大。     

风机荷载作用下频率比对砂土动力响应的影响

海上风机在运行过程中风荷载与波浪荷载频率耦合作用对土体动力特性的影响不容忽略,为了探究这种影响,采用多向循环动单剪系统（VDDCSS）对砂土进行了一系列试验研究,分析了双向剪切频率比f_r对砂土动应变、动孔压比以及动强度的影响。试验结果表明：剪应变发展受双向频率耦合及应力组合效应的影响。循环应力比（C_SR）为0.15时,双向频率耦合效应大于应力组合作用;随着应力水平的增加（C_SR = 0.20或0.25）,频率耦合效应和应力组合作用均得到了加强。在低应力水平时,破坏试样的孔压曲线呈“上凹型”且频率比对试样孔压发展影响不大。而随着应力水平增加（C_SR = 0.20或0.25）,孔压最终值u_max随之增大。除f_r = 1.00与10.00对应试样外,土体动强度随f_r与C_SR值增大而减少。f_r= 5.00 对应试样应变大、孔压值高、强度低的原因与此比值下土体受双向频率耦合与应力组合的叠加效果增强有关。     

黑云母花岗岩动力学特性与强度准则分析

为了研究黑云母花岗岩动态特性与强度准则的应变率效应,文章采用高压动三轴仪对不同应变率、不同围压下的试样进行动三轴压缩试验。结果表明:相同应变率下,随着围压的增大,岩石破坏模式由轴向劈裂转变为剪切破坏;相同围压下,随着应变率的增大岩石破碎程度加剧;花岗岩的抗压强度随应变率和围压的增大均呈增大趋势,但增长幅度在应变率超过10-3/s和围压大于60 MPa后逐渐减小;弹性模量整体上随应变率的增加而减小,且与围压间变化规律不明确;泊松比与应变率、围压均未见明显关系,其值集中分布在0.33左右。此外,对比分析中等应变率下经典莫尔-库伦强度准则及其2种改进形式的适用性,发现考虑平均主应力修正的莫尔-库伦准则对试验数据的吻合度较高,而直线型莫尔-库伦准则和抛物线型莫尔-库伦准则拟合误差较大,且随应变率的增加,误差有增加趋势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.