非对称核物质中核子的有效质量

杨寅立等曾采用相对论 Hartree-Fock(RHF)方法计算了非对称核物质的单粒子势.他们得出当物质密度高达一定程度时,非对称核物质的基态将出现有费密球结构到费密壳结构的相变.然而在他们的计算中把中子和质子看作是同一种粒子,采用了等效的简并因子γ=4/(1+δ)来计算动量空间中每个状态可能填充的粒子数.这种做法虽然简化了计算但不够精确,且使进一步的工作受到一定限制.本文可看作是[1]的继续和发展.     

非对称核物质中的中子-质子对关联

n-p对关联的准确知识对于核物理及天体物理的相关研究非常重要,然而,当前对核物质超流性的准确认识仍有许多问题.基于此,我们总结了影响非对称核物质n-p对关联的两个因素,能隙的方向依赖性以及n-n,p-p,n-p三种Cooper对的耦合.能隙的方向依赖性可以在一定程度上缓解非对称度对n-p对关联的抑制.同时,当考虑能隙的方向依赖性时,FFLO态的Cooper对动量在空间的取向不再是简并的,会劈裂成两种超流态,并且会在较大的非对称度范围存在.另一方面,n-n,p-p,n-p三种Cooper对的共存在非对称核物质中是可以发生的,并且当n-p对相互作用远强于n-n对相互作用时,n-n对,p-p对的存在也会缓解非对称度对n-p对的抑制.     

非对称核物质系统中的重排化学势

本文证明了在非对称核物质系统中各种组份的重排化学势相等，而且表述形式与单组份核子系统完全相同．     

费密面与电化学(一) 定性的描述

从量子统计处理固体电子状态的费密面和费密球概念出发,对电化学体系中的电极电势的本质进行了讨论。在此基础上说明了电流与费密面附近能态占据情况变化的关系,以及理想极化和理想非极化电极的费密面的特征。电极—电解质溶液界面相的双层结构与电极费密面的结构密切相关。从费密面的特征讨论了零电荷电势。在电化学适用的范围内,费密面近似地用球面来表示。     

向心透平蜗壳轴向对称性影响的数值模拟研究

基于三维Naiver-Stokes方程组，采用分块结构化网格，用数值计算的方法模拟了矩形截面轴向对称和非对称蜗壳内气体的流动．湍流模型采用Baldwin—Lomax代数模型．模拟的结果表明，对称蜗壳和非对称蜗壳在出口气流特征上基本一致，非对称蜗壳气流的周向均匀性要优于对称蜗壳；非对称涡壳的后1／4流程出现了横向压力梯度，这个梯度容易引起二次流动损失．     

费密面与电化学(二)——二次量子化方法

电化学体系作为费密球来处理。引入了费密球真空的概念,在此基础上,讨论了费密球的真空涨落和真空极化。通过二次量子化的方法,引入了电化学极化子和电化学非极化子,讨论了它们的产生和湮灭。应用二次量子化方法讨论了电化学体系作为费密气体的能谱。     

受内压热超弹性球壳的不稳定性

应用有限变形弹性理论分析了受内压作用的不可压热超弹性球壳发生非对称变形的不稳定性问题.当内压较小时，薄壁球壳发生对称的均匀膨胀变形；当内压大于某一临界值时，产生复杂的非对称变形，其一部分膨胀变形很大，而另一部分仅仅是轻微膨胀，且其形状逐渐远离球形，且此时的变形是不稳定的.厚壁球壳总是发生稳定的均匀膨胀变形.根据球壳的变形曲线，给出了球壳发生不稳定变形的临界厚度.同时，讨论了温度场对球壳变形的影响.     

低维电子气的费密能量与温度的关系

在探索新型材料的过程中 ,人们发现金属材料的一系列实验现象不能由三维电子气的费密能量与温度的关系来解释 ,但它们具有明显的低维特征 ,为此 ,该文研究了低维电子气的费密能量与温度之间的关系。研究结果表明 ,在低温情况下 ,低维电子气费密能量随着温度的变化关系与三维电子气是不相同的 ,尤其在一维情况下 ,电子气费密能量的变化量随着温度的变化规律与三维时恰恰相反。     

CFRP-铝合金组合管Keiwitt网壳的弹塑性稳定性

采用有限元方法研究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)-铝合金组合管构成的Keiwitt网壳结构的弹塑性稳定性能,并与纯铝合金网壳进行对比。先通过组合管轴心受压的试验结果校验了有限元模型;再对CFRP-铝合金组合管构成的网壳进行全过程分析,其中考虑几何和材料非线性,获得了极限承载力,并研究矢跨比、初始缺陷和非对称荷载分布等参数对网壳稳定性能和极限承载力的影响;最后比较了组合管网壳与纯铝合金网壳的经济性。结果表明,组合管网壳的材料费用虽较高,但其承载力高,对几何缺陷和非对称荷载敏感性小,适合于建造大跨结构。     

CFRP-铝合金组合管Keiwitt网壳弹塑性稳定性

采用有限元方法研究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)-铝合金组合管构成的Keiwitt网壳结构的弹塑性稳定性能,并与纯铝合金网壳进行对比。先通过组合管轴心受压的试验结果校验了有限元模型;再对CFRP-铝合金组合管构成的网壳进行全过程分析,其中考虑几何和材料非线性,获得了极限承载力;并研究矢跨比、初始缺陷和非对称荷载分布等参数对网壳稳定性能和极限承载力的影响;最后比较了组合管网壳与纯铝合金网壳的经济性。结果表明,组合管网壳的材料费用虽较高,但其承载力高,对几何缺陷和非对称荷载敏感性小,适合于建造大跨结构。     

虚时间步长法对Dirac方程演化的优化

本文利用虚时间步长法(ITS)演化由Dirac方程导出的Schr dinger-like方程和电荷共轭Schr dinger-like方程,得到在Fermi和Dirac海中的12C的单粒子能级,并讨论演化的时间步长、空间大小和格点间距对ITS演化收敛性的影响。为了保证ITS演化收敛到"精确"解,对于给定的单粒子能级,演化的时间步长必须小于"临界"时间步长Δtc.相对于单粒子能级的能量,"临介"时间步长Δtc对量子数|κ|更加敏感。对于弱束缚状态,收敛结果要与"精确"解一致,需要相对较大的空间大小。无论是深束缚或弱束缚状态,对于不同的格点间距,ITS演化的收敛结果变化不大。在以后的自洽计算中,可以应用这些结论来优化演化过程。     

Using photoemission spectroscopy to probe a strongly interacting Fermi gas

Ultracold atomic gases provide model systems in which to study many-body quantum physics. Recent experiments using Fermi gases have demonstrated a phase transition to a superfluid state with strong interparticle interactions. This system provides a realization of the 'BCS-BEC crossover' connecting the physics of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity with that of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although many aspects of this system have been investigated, it has not yet been possible to measure the single-particle excitation spectrum (a fundamental property directly predicted by many-body theories). Here we use photoemission spectroscopy to directly probe the elementary excitations and energy dispersion in a strongly interacting Fermi gas of (40)K atoms. In the experiments, a radio-frequency photon ejects an atom from the strongly interacting system by means of a spin-flip transition to a weakly interacting state. We measure the occupied density of single-particle states at the cusp of the BCS-BEC crossover and on the BEC side of the crossover, and compare these results to that for a nearly ideal Fermi gas. We show that, near the critical temperature, the single-particle spectral function is dramatically altered in a way that is consistent with a large pairing gap. Our results probe the many-body physics in a way that could be compared to data for the high-transition-temperature superconductors. As in photoemission spectroscopy for electronic materials, our measurement technique for ultracold atomic gases directly probes low-energy excitations and thus can reveal excitation gaps and/or pseudogaps. Furthermore, this technique can provide an analogue of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for probing anisotropic systems, such as atoms in optical lattice potentials.     

相对论平均场理论中Zr同位素链壳修正的微观研究

基于轴对称形变约束的相对论平均场理论, 考虑微观质心修正, 计算了Zr同位素链偶偶核的位能曲面, 并利用Strutinsky壳修正方法从相应的单粒子能级中提取了壳修正能量, 研究了Zr同位素链的壳结构变化. 结果表明, 形变约束的相对论平均场理论能很好地描述Zr同位素链的基态性质. Zr同位素链壳修正能量显示出明显的壳效应, 随中子数变化有较强的同位旋依赖性; 同时, Zr同位素链壳修正能量具有复杂的形变依赖性, 对稳定形变原子核的形成有重要的作用.     

High-resolution spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems

Spectroscopic methods involving the sudden injection or ejection of electrons in materials are a powerful probe of electronic structure and interactions. These techniques, such as photoemission and tunnelling, yield measurements of the 'single-particle' density of states spectrum of a system. This density of states is proportional to the probability of successfully injecting or ejecting an electron in these experiments. It is equal to the number of electronic states in the system able to accept an injected electron as a function of its energy, and is among the most fundamental and directly calculable quantities in theories of highly interacting systems. However, the two-dimensional electron system (2DES), host to remarkable correlated electron states such as the fractional quantum Hall effect, has proved difficult to probe spectroscopically. Here we present an improved version of time-domain capacitance spectroscopy that allows us to measure the single-particle density of states of a 2DES with unprecedented fidelity and resolution. Using the method, we perform measurements of a cold 2DES, providing direct measurements of interesting correlated electronic effects at energies that are difficult to reach with other techniques; these effects include the single-particle exchange-enhanced spin gap, single-particle lifetimes in the quantum Hall system, and exchange splitting of Landau levels not at the Fermi surface.     

U同位素壳效应的理论分析

在考虑了BCS近似的相对论平均场模型的框架内,通过系统研究U同位素费米面附近的单粒子能级、单粒子能级占有概率和BCS近似下的粒子数偏差,首次发现U同位素中的大多数元素均有比一般元素更稳定的壳结构,即具有和闭壳核相似的壳效应特性．同时,给出了一种判断幻数存在与否的理论方法．     

~(20)Ne核谱在壳模型,Democratic mapping和微观IBM方案中计算结果的直接比较

对于20Ne核，在相同的核壳和单粒子能级下，将在壳模型，Democracticmapping（DM）和微观IBM方案下的计算能谱与实验值作了直接比较通过DM揭示出壳模型理论与微观IBM理论间的关系：至少在sd壳上，后者源于前者，又是完成前者计算的一条好途径与一个好近似.     

非简谐势中两组分简并费米气体的集体激发

研究了在一个扭曲的谐振势中两组分简并费米气体的集体激发.运用变分法导出了1组描述两组分简并费米气体质心运动与宽度变化的耦合方程,获得了2个低能激发模.在不同的有效s波相互作用和有效p波相互作用下,分别讨论了由于势的非简谐改变引起的集体激发的频移和集体激发的塌缩与恢复.     

势阱中旋转费米气体的磁性质

采用准经典近似研究简谐势阱中旋转费米气体磁性质,以磁场中的带电荷费米气体为例,导出了体系的热容量和内能表达式,得到了磁场强度和磁化率随外加磁场的变化关系.     

Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability

A long-standing prediction of nuclear models is the emergence of a region of long-lived, or even stable, superheavy elements beyond the actinides. These nuclei owe their enhanced stability to closed shells in the structure of both protons and neutrons. However, theoretical approaches to date do not yield consistent predictions of the precise limits of the 'island of stability'; experimental studies are therefore crucial. The bulk of experimental effort so far has been focused on the direct creation of superheavy elements in heavy ion fusion reactions, leading to the production of elements up to proton number Z = 118 (refs 4, 5). Recently, it has become possible to make detailed spectroscopic studies of nuclei beyond fermium (Z = 100), with the aim of understanding the underlying single-particle structure of superheavy elements. Here we report such a study of the nobelium isotope 254No, with 102 protons and 152 neutrons--the heaviest nucleus studied in this manner to date. We find three excited structures, two of which are isomeric (metastable). One of these structures is firmly assigned to a two-proton excitation. These states are highly significant as their location is sensitive to single-particle levels above the gap in shell energies predicted at Z = 114, and thus provide a microscopic benchmark for nuclear models of the superheavy elements.