损毁LMAN逆转去势引起的成年雄鸟鸣曲变化

以成年雄性斑胸草雀为研究对象,去势后成年雄鸟鸣曲空间结构显著改变,平均频率和峰频率下降,主题曲相似度降低,鸣曲稳定性下降;损毁LMAN后,平均频率、峰频率、主题曲相似度都恢复到去势前水平.去势引起鸣曲结构和稳定性变化.损毁LMAN逆转鸣曲的变化表明LMAN对雄激素(睾酮)调节鸣曲变化至关重要.     

听觉剥夺对成年雄性斑胸草雀鸣唱行为和LMAN核团的影响

对成年雄性斑胸草雀听觉剥夺引起鸣曲声谱结构和音节参数的变化进行分析,利用焦油紫染色等方法,检测了听觉剥夺对LMAN核团平均面积、体积和核团内的细胞面密度的影响。成年雄性斑胸草雀致聋后14 d,声谱结构出现畸变,音节的熵值和熵值变异数均发生显著变化,表明斑胸草雀成年后稳定的鸣曲需要听觉反馈来维持,失去听觉导致致聋鸟变成聋哑鸟。同时LMAN核团的平均面积和体积有明显减小的趋势,LMAN核团内的细胞面密度下降,说明了致聋导致鸣唱行为的畸变,可能与致聋所导致其脑内发声学习通路中的输出核团-LMAN核团退化有关,该结果为探究LMAN核团在鸣禽发声系统中的功能和揭示致聋后聋哑变化可能的机理提供了理论参考。     

断鸣管神经支对白腰文鸟鸣声的影响

为探究鸣管神经支（NXⅡts）对发声控制的作用以及验证鸣禽发声的侧别优势和性别差异,以成年白腰文鸟为实验材料,记录其正常鸣声及切断鸣管神经支后的鸣声.用Cool Edit Pro和Wavesurfer 等声音处理和分析软件,比较和分析雄鸟和雌鸟、断单侧和双侧鸣管神经前后声学特征的差异.结果表明,成年白腰文鸟的NXⅡts可单侧支配鸣肌,切断左侧NXⅡts将导致声音严重受损,而断右侧则影响不大,表明具有左侧优势.两侧NXⅡts既相互协调又各有侧重,左侧产生较高频率的声音,而右侧则有较高的熵值,使得音节稳定性和调频一致性增强.雄鸟左侧NXⅡts控制较高的音量和较长的音节,而雌鸟的音量和音节时长两侧均可以独立调节.断双侧神经对音量、音调和音色都产生明显影响.     

去势对成年雄性斑胸草雀鸣曲的影响

性激素在调节鸣禽鸣唱稳定性方面发挥关键作用.通过去势观察成年雄性斑胸草雀鸣曲变化.去势手术之后,去势组雄性斑胸草雀血浆中睾酮水平降低,衡量鸣曲稳定性的几个参数发生改变,即鸣曲相似度降低,熵值升高,基频、调频的变异系数增大.提示雄激素有助于稳定鸣禽的鸣曲结构.     

云南高黎贡山东白眉长臂猿鸣声声谱研究

选取在云南高黎贡山赧亢、板场和保山市隆阳区太保公园中录制的东白眉长臂猿3组鸣声,用cool edie pro 2.0软件进行原始数据文件处理,再通过Raven pro 1.4软件进行声谱分析,得到图形化文件.据声谱分析结果,东白眉长臂猿二重唱中,雄性的鸣叫序列包括开始音节、重复音节和调节音节;调节音节根据第二个音节的频率变化分为强调音节和弱调音节.雌性的鸣唱序列分为重复音节和激动鸣叫,其激动鸣叫又可分为成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫.比较东白眉长臂猿与东、西黑冠长臂猿的鸣声,发现雌性东白眉长臂猿能够发出黑冠长臂猿雌性个体没有的重复音节.此外,雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫的出现频率非常高,在一次完整的二重唱中都会存在雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫,而东黑冠长臂猿的二重唱中没有.     

笼养状态下绿尾虹雉的鸣声行为特征

对绿尾虹雉非繁殖期和繁殖期较为复杂的鸣声行为进行了研究,初步探讨绿尾虹雉鸣声的生物学意义.2009年1-7月在四川蜂桶寨自然保护区采集绿尾虹雉的鸣叫声,通过计算机声谱分析技术,对绿尾虹雉鸣声行为特征进行了研究,并用Excel软件对其各种鸣叫声进行计算机统计分析.结果表明绿尾虹雉鸣声大多由短的重复的单音节、双音节和多音节鸣声组成.鸣声类型具有报警鸣声、领域鸣声、惊叫声、啼叫声、求偶叫声、产卵叫声、休息时的叫声等7种.鸣声音节中最常见为洪亮高亢的单音节鸣声,双音节鸣声仅出现在产蛋时,多音节鸣声为啼叫声.繁殖季节鸣叫与非繁殖季节鸣叫相比,在鸣叫类型上有增加,鸣叫频次也有明显增多.本研究发现绿尾虹雉的鸣声具有多样性,这种多样性的鸣声是它们在种群中进行语言交流的有效工具.研究鸟类鸣声的生物学特性对于了解鸟类的各种行为特征和有效的保护鸟类具有重要的意义.     

四川山鹧鸪育雏期幼体鸣声行为

作者于2005年4-6月在四川老君山自然保护区,通过计算机声谱分析技术和回放技术,对四川山鹧鸪育雏期(Arborophila rufipectus)幼体的鸣声行为特征进行了研究,其结果表明,幼体有取食、警戒、惊恐和呼唤等4种不同行为的鸣声.取食鸣声和警戒鸣声均为单音节,它们的音节持续时间和主峰值差异显著.两种惊恐鸣声和四种呼唤鸣声的MPF和音节间隔时间差异性不明显,而音节持续时间差异极显著.     

鸣管神经支对虎皮鹦鹉鸣叫声的支配

以虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undelafus)为材料,共有6对在舌下神经气管鸣管支(NXIIts)分别进行单侧和双侧切断处理,用声谱分析软件Wavesurfer和Sound Analysis Pro分析失去神经支配前后鸣声的声学变化.结果表明:断单侧NXIIts并不引起虎皮鹦鹉鸣声的改变,断双侧则引起虎皮鹦鹉鸣声的显著性改变,证明NXIIts在亚鸣禽鸣声的声学特性方面有重要的调控作用,且NXIIts对鸣肌的调控是双侧性的.即单侧NXIIts能控制左右两侧的鸣肌.     

圆柱形共振腔体内岩石小样品引起的共振声谱偏移的实验研究

在以前理论的研究基础上, 建立了压电陶瓷管共振声谱实验测量系 统, 考察了共振腔体几何尺寸、环境温度对共振声谱的影响, 并对圆管中存在几何尺寸和声学特性不同的圆柱形小岩样引起的腔体的共振声谱偏移特性进行了实验测量. 结果表明, 在常压下, 随着温度的升高, 腔体共振频率逐渐降低, 共振幅度逐渐增大; 在一定温度和压力下, 当腔体内存在气泡时, 其共振频率和共振幅度都大幅降低. 共振腔的共振声谱受样品的孔隙性及其在腔体中的位置的影响较大. 在腔体中部, 共振频率达到最大值, 但对孔隙样品, 相对于声学参数相同的致密样品而言, 共振腔的共振频率存在偏小的趋势. 当样品位置由腔体顶部沿轴线变化到腔体中部时, 致密样品的共振幅度是逐渐增大的, 但孔隙度较大的样品的共振幅度是逐渐减小的, 而对孔隙度较小的岩样, 其共振幅度出现先增大后再减小的变化趋势. 另外, 通过实验和理论对比, 发现样品的声学参数、几何尺寸以及腔体的几何尺寸对共振频率测量结果的影响规律符合理论模拟结果. 上述结果给利用共振声谱法研究小岩样的低频声学特性提供了实验依据.     

双锥度辊辊形参数对带钢瓢曲变形的影响

根据连续退火生产实际情况,运用MARC有限元软件,定量计算了连退炉内双锥度辊辊形参数对带钢瓢曲的影响. 模拟发现在双锥度辊锥肩处,带钢张应力和横向应力发生突变,并且带钢横向压应力和等效应力都具有最大值,此处最先发生瓢曲变形,这与现场观测到的带钢瓢曲出现的位置完全吻合. 随着总锥度和锥度比的增大,以及平直段长度和直径的减少,带钢发生瓢曲变形的概率都会增加. 其中平直段长度对带钢发生瓢曲变形的影响最大,总锥度和锥度比其次,平直段直径的影响最小.     

去势对成年雄性斑胸草雀HVC神经元电生理特性的影响

鸣唱控制系统的高级发声中枢HVC（high vocal center）是发声运动通路和前端脑通路的始端，是发声行为的起始控制脑区，亦可接受听觉信号的输入及反馈，是鸣禽鸣唱调控最为重要的脑区.以往研究表明,雄激素及其代谢产物对鸣禽鸣唱控制有重要作用.去势显著改变鸣禽体内激素含量，进而影响鸣禽鸣曲稳定性，但其具体机制尚未阐明.我们运用全细胞膜片钳记录法，在离体细胞水平研究了去势引起的雄激素水平降低对HVC不同神经元电生理特性的影响.研究结果显示,去势组与对照组相比，投射神经元HVCRA，HVCX膜输入电阻减小，膜时间常数降低，动作电位后超极化幅值升高及达到峰值时间延长，表明雄激素可以提高两类投射神经元的兴奋性. 综上所述，雄激素可以一定程度上提高HVC神经元的兴奋性，雄激素可增强HVC对发声运动通路（vocal motor pathway,VMP)的控制，抑制前端脑通路(anterior forebrain pathway,AFP)来实现维持鸣曲的稳定.     

The role of sex steroids in the acquisition and production of birdsong

Male birdsong is generally regarded as a secondary sexual characteristic under the control of gonadal steroids. Song typically waxes and wanes with the seasonal cycle of testicular growth and regression and decreases after adult castration. Testosterone therapy reinstates song, induces it in females, augments it in intact males, and spring testosterone profiles correlate with seasonal song production. Thus, testosterone has been viewed as a major factor in song acquisition and production acting either directly, or after aromatization within the brain. We show here, however, that song learning and early phases of the development of singing both take place in castrated male birds with no significant levels of testosterone in their blood plasma. Testosterone seems to be required for song crystallization, however. Oestradiol was unexpectedly still present after castration, evidently from a non-testicular source, throughout the period of male song acquisition.     

Performance variability enables adaptive plasticity of 'crystallized' adult birdsong

Significant trial-by-trial variation persists even in the most practiced skills. One prevalent view is that such variation is simply 'noise' that the nervous system is unable to control or that remains below threshold for behavioural relevance. An alternative hypothesis is that such variation enables trial-and-error learning, in which the motor system generates variation and differentially retains behaviours that give rise to better outcomes. Here we test the latter possibility for adult bengalese finch song. Adult birdsong is a complex, learned motor skill that is produced in a highly stereotyped fashion from one rendition to the next. Nevertheless, there is subtle trial-by-trial variation even in stable, 'crystallized' adult song. We used a computerized system to monitor small natural variations in the pitch of targeted song elements and deliver real-time auditory disruption to a subset of those variations. Birds rapidly shifted the pitch of their vocalizations in an adaptive fashion to avoid disruption. These vocal changes were precisely restricted to the targeted features of song. Hence, birds were able to learn effectively by associating small variations in their vocal behaviour with differential outcomes. Such a process could help to maintain stable, learned song despite changes to the vocal control system arising from ageing or injury. More generally, our results suggest that residual variability in well learned skills is not entirely noise but rather reflects meaningful motor exploration that can support continuous learning and optimization of performance.     

成年斑胸草雀弓状皮质栎核投射神经元电生理特性的性别差异

利用离体脑片膜片钳技术检测RA投射神经元电生理活动的主动和被动特性，对其性别差异进行探讨.结果发现鸣禽RA投射神经元电生理特性在发放频率和诱发动作电位幅值方面存在明显的性别差异.     

Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere

The complexity and dependence on learning of many bird sounds have suggested parallels between birdsong and human speech, but the mechanisms by which each is produced have been supposed to differ markedly. In human speech, resonances of the vocal tract are thought to modulate in complex ways the sound produced by vibration of the vocal folds. The current theory of birdsong production holds that all variation in sound quality arises from the primary sound-producing organ, the syrinx, and that resonances of the vocal tract play no part. Here I present evidence, obtained from acoustic analyses of birdsongs recorded in a helium atmosphere, which contradicts this hypothesis. Not only does the songbird's vocal tract act as an acoustic filter, but its filter characteristics are actively coordinated with the output of the syrinx. Songbird and human phonation are thus more analogous than previously thought, in that both require coordination of an array of diverse motor systems.     

鸟鸣叫声特征提取方法的研究

鸟鸣叫声的研究和分析方法对开展鸟类学工作有极其重要的作用.通过对鸟鸣叫声进行功率谱分析、声谱分析、Mel倒谱分析和主成分分析,从而对鸟鸣叫声特征参数进行提取,为鸟鸣叫声的个体识别以及鸣叫声与鸟类行为的关系研究提供了有力的技术支持.     

Decrystallization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback.

Young birds learn to sing by using auditory feedback to compare their own vocalizations to a memorized or innate song pattern; if they are deafened as juveniles, they will not develop normal songs. The completion of song development is called crystallization. After this stage, song shows little variation in its temporal or spectral properties. However, the mechanisms underlying this stability are largely unknown. Here we present evidence that auditory feedback is actively used in adulthood to maintain the stability of song structure. We found that perturbing auditory feedback during singing in adult zebra finches caused their song to deteriorate slowly. This 'decrystallization' consisted of a marked loss of the spectral and temporal stereotypy seen in crystallized song, including stuttering, creation, deletion and distortion of song syllables. After normal feedback was restored, these deviations gradually disappeared and the original song was recovered. Thus, adult birds that do not learn new songs nevertheless retain a significant amount of plasticity in the brain.     

声谱分析软件Wavesurfer在鸟类鸣声分析中的应用

由瑞典皇家技术学会（KTH）于2000年开发的Wavesurfer声谱分析软件能对声音数据进行观察、编辑、分类等多种分析．将其运用到鸟类鸣声分析中,更简单直观的获得鸟类鸣声的声学特性,为深入研究鸟类发声机理和发声行为提供技术支持．     

鸣禽鸣啭控制核团内GABA能神经元的分布研究

应用免疫组化方法对鸣禽粟鹀(Emberiza rutila)鸣啭控制核团内GABA能神经元的分布进行了研究，在高级发声中枢(HVC，high vocal center)，古纹状体粗核(RA，the robust nucleus of the archistrialum)，X区(Arca X)3个前脑核团内有GABA样免疫反应出现．HVC和RA中GABA能神经元胞体大小存在性别和季节间的差异．结果提示GABA能神经元可能参与了鸣禽鸣啭的产生和鸣啭学习。     

P物质在正常与致聋白腰文鸟前脑X区表达水平的差异研究

通过免疫组织化学方法对正常和致聋不同时程的成年雄性白腰文鸟X区P物质的表达进行了定量分析,结果发现:致聋后鸟的X区P物质表达量显著减少.X区是鸣禽鸣唱学习的重要核团,P物质也是一种重要的神经调质,提示X区P物质可能参与了鸣禽鸣唱可塑性的调节或鸣唱模式的维持.