田菁根瘤菌嗜盐α-淀粉酶的基因克隆表达与分子改造

【目的】克隆表达田菁根瘤菌嗜盐α-淀粉酶基因,并对其进行基因改造,为探索与嗜盐性相关的氨基酸位点提供参考。【方法】从田菁根瘤菌及周围土壤的宏基因组中克隆到一个命名为RSA的极端嗜盐淀粉酶。通过与同源性为75.33%的嗜盐α-淀粉酶K6的序列比对发现,RSA-D205位点与已报道的K6-N204(嗜盐相关的氨基酸位点)相似,从而对其进行定点饱和突变以研究相关酶学性质。【结果】共获得17个突变子,其最适NaCl浓度较RSA均有不同程度的降低。RSA-D205R、RSA-D205C酶反应温度高达80℃,拓宽了其应用范围。【结论】RSA-D205氨基酸残基位点与Na~+结合位点有一定的联系;另外,精氨酸(R)、半胱氨酸(C)对淀粉酶的高温改造具有参考价值。     

嗜盐淀粉酶产生菌的筛选鉴定及其酶学性质研究

【目的】筛选分离新的嗜盐淀粉酶产生菌,并对其进行酶学性质研究。【方法】从广西大学奶牛厂的奶牛粪便土壤中分离得到一株能产耐盐淀粉酶的菌株,利用16SrRNA序列对比进行鉴定,经破胞提取胞内总蛋白测定嗜盐淀粉酶酶学性质。【结果】经16SrRNA初步鉴定该菌株为阴沟肠杆菌属(Enterobacter cloacae)。该菌株是非嗜盐菌株,却能产生一种胞内嗜盐淀粉酶。酶学性质研究表明该酶在NaCl终浓度为4mol/L时,酶活力最强,当盐浓度为5.5mol/L时,仍能保持最高酶活的60%;以MOPS-NaCl配制的1%可溶性淀粉溶液为底物时,其最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH值为6.5,pH值在4.5~8.5时均能保持60%以上的相对活力;在35~45℃的温度范围内显示较好的稳定性,相对酶活保持在80%以上,但当温度达到50℃时,酶活力急剧下降;Ca2+浓度对酶活力几乎没有影响;EDTA浓度在10~140mmol/L时酶活力变化不大,大于140mmol/L之后,酶活力逐渐下降。【结论】该菌株是在非嗜盐菌株中发现的具有嗜盐淀粉酶基因的菌株,其嗜盐淀粉酶在高盐环境下具有很高的酶活力。     

绿色糖单孢菌麦芽糖α-淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效分泌表达

【目的】构建高产麦芽糖α-淀粉酶的工程菌株并实现高效分泌表达。【方法】PCR扩增麦芽糖α-淀粉酶基因sva,再与大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌麦芽糖诱导型穿梭载体pHCMCO4-Pglv连接,构建重组质粒pHCMCO4-Pglv-sva并转入枯草芽孢杆菌进行表达,对重组酶进行SDS-PAGE分析,然后对重组菌株的生长及发酵条件进行优化。【结果】成功构建重组质粒pHCMCO4-Pglv-sva并在枯草芽孢杆菌中实现分泌表达,SDS-PAGE分析发现,在55kDa处得到特异性蛋白条带。单因素试验结果显示,重组菌的最适诱导温度为35℃,最适接种量为4%(V/V),最适装液量为30mL。正交实验结果显示,重组菌的最佳发酵条件组合是诱导温度37℃、接种量5%(V/V)、装液量25mL,在此条件下发酵液粗酶活力达到257.3698U/mL。装液量对重组菌的产酶量影响显著。【结论】成功构建能高效分泌表达麦芽糖α-淀粉酶的枯草芽孢杆菌工程菌株,经发酵条件优化后,重组酶产量显著提高10倍左右。     

耐酸耐温α-淀粉酶基因在大肠杆菌中的功能表达

兼顾大肠杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌密码子偏好性,优化获得了1个耐酸耐温淀粉酶的基因amyCN1,并将其在大肠杆菌中实现了功能表达。纯化后的重组α-淀粉酶(AMY1)表征结果表明:在最适pH 5.5和最适温度75℃条件下表观米氏常数(Km)值和催化效率(kcat/Km)值分别为20.93 g/L和98.20 L/(g.s);低浓度的Co2+(1 mmol/L)可以提高30%的淀粉酶活力,Mn2+抑制了大部分活力,包括Ca2+在内的其他金属离子影响不显著;高浓度的EDTA(≥50 mmol/L)抑制其活力;生物信息学分析表明,AMY1具有α-淀粉酶家族典型的3-结构域分布,具有1个Ca2+结合位点和5个Zn2+结合位点,活性中心催化氨基酸残基D198和E222位于(β/α)8桶中β折叠片C端一侧。AMY1优良的低pH耐受性和耐温性,有助于木薯淀粉生产燃料乙醇工业液化与糖化同步发酵工艺的实现。     

一株分离自艾丁湖土壤的嗜盐古菌新种的研究

为了研究分析新疆盐湖嗜盐古菌资源,从艾丁湖中分离筛选出一批嗜盐古菌,对其进行了形态特征,生理生化特性研究和分子鉴定。发现其中1株菌（D -20）的生理生化特性和产淀粉酶特性比较突出,经不同温度,不同pH,不同温度下的研究以及16S rDNA 序列的系统发育学研究表明：该菌株为革兰氏染色阴性菌,最适生长温度为37℃,最适生长pH8.0,最适盐浓度15％,能产过氧化氢酶、尿酶,淀粉酶,硝酸盐还原为阳性,不产 H2S ,对青霉素,氯四环素,红霉素,新霉素具有抗性,能利用赖氨酸,蛋氨酸,精氨酸,以果糖,蔗糖和核糖作为碳源。经分子鉴定该菌是 Natrinema属的新成员,定名为 Natrinema aidingensis D -20,Gene Bank登录号为 AY298734。菌株保藏号为12．657。     

灌木柳SlSIP基因的克隆和功能验证

【目的】明确灌木柳碱性α-半乳糖苷酶基因(SlSIP)的结构特征和该基因在耐盐方面的生物学功能,为碱性α-半乳糖苷酶基因新的功能拓宽提供理论基础。【方法】 以灌木柳苏柳‘2345’(Salix jiangsuensis ‘2345’)盐胁迫48 h后的cDNA为模板,克隆了苏柳碱性α-半乳糖苷酶基因SlSIP。运用生物信息学方法分析其蛋白质结构、性质和亲缘关系,利用农杆菌介导法转入拟南芥中,通过实时荧光定量qRT-PCR方法鉴定转基因阳性植株的表达特性和盐胁迫条件下的生长状态,从而验证转基因植株的耐盐功能。【结果】该基因编码776个氨基酸,分子质量为84.88 ku,理论等电点为5.85,不稳定系数为35.74,亲水性平均系数-0.154, 定位于内质网膜上。SlSIP的保守结构域为WFGWCTW和IDDGWQ,催化活性位点为V。共得到11个T3代阳性转基因株系,qRT-PCR结果显示SlSIP在3个拟南芥阳性转基因株系中表达量最高,分别提高9、28、29倍。转基因株系在含85 mmol/L NaCl培养基上种子萌发率高于非转基因植株,且生长状态良好,但非转基因植株的叶绿素含量高于转基因株系。【结论】SlSIP基因属于GH27家族,不仅提高了种子萌发过程中的耐盐性,也参与了叶片发育和衰老的途径。     

耐热α-淀粉酶的筛选、基因克隆和酶学性质分析

【目的】筛选耐热α-淀粉酶并实现异源表达,同时分析其酶学性质特征。【方法】以M9培养基加上可溶性淀粉作为选择性分离培养基,从腾冲火山温泉土壤中筛选到产淀粉酶的菌株Anoxybacillus sp.GXS-3。根据淀粉酶氨基酸保守序列,设计引物进行PCR扩增,然后对目标序列进行步移扩增,获得淀粉酶基因AmyGX。将AmyGX与表达载体pQE30连接,导入大肠杆菌M15中表达,对重组酶进行分离纯化和酶学性质分析。【结果】AmyGX基因长1 515 bp,编码505个氨基酸残基,前23个氨基酸残基为信号肽序列;重组质粒pQE30-AmyGX编码的蛋白分子量为58.04kDa,对可溶性淀粉催化水解反应的最适温度为60℃,最适pH值为8.0,V_(max)、K_m值分别为0.19U/mg、3.14mg/mL,热半失活温度T_(50)~(30)值为65.2℃;Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Ba~(2+)对该酶具有明显的抑制作用,Na~+、K~+对该酶有激活作用,Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)的影响则不明显。【结论】AmyGX是一种中等耐温碱性酶,在造纸、洗涤剂生产和有毒废弃物去除等方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

内蒙古额吉淖尔盐碱湖一株产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古菌的分离及其bop基因核心序列及最适生长条件的分析

从内蒙古额吉淖尔湖分离得到一株产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古菌,初步鉴定为属于Natrinema属;并扩增出了其bop基因,该bop基因序列已在Genbank中注册,编号为KF863690,分析了其核心序列。结果表明bop基因开放阅读框为303 bp,编码101个氨基酸。blastp结果表明该蛋白属于Bac-rhodopsin蛋白家族,具有典型的细菌视紫红质蛋白结构域。利用BLAST进行相似性分析发现bop编码蛋白氨基酸序列与Genbank中编号AAS87571.1、WP-007110705和AFB77278.1的视紫红质蛋白相似性达到98%以上。此结果表明视紫红质蛋白在细菌及古菌中结构上具有很高的保守性,与其质子泵功能紧密相关。最后分析了该菌株的最适生长条件。该菌株在分离培养基中适宜生长的NaCl浓度范围为1.0~3.0 mol/L,适宜生长pH为6.5~8.5,适宜生长镁离子浓度为0.4~0.8 mol/L。通过分析比较得出该嗜盐古生菌株生长最适NaCl盐浓度为1.5 mol/L,最适pH值为7.5,最适镁离子浓度为0.4 mol/L。该实验结果为今后进一步研究产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古生菌株的生理生化特征及遗传学特征奠定了基础。     

Klebsiella sp.GXK-1的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的酶学性质

【目的】克隆、表达克雷伯氏菌Klebsiellasp.GXK-1菌株中的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因,并研究重组酶的酶学性质。【方法】比对分析GenBank数据库中克雷伯氏菌同属的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因序列,设计简并引物PCR扩增基因的保守区。扩增目的基因,以pSE380为表达载体构建重组质粒pSE-rha1,并在大肠杆菌E.coli XL-blue进行诱导表达,使用镍亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,研究目的蛋白RHA1的酶学性质。【结果】以pNPR为底物,进行重组酶酶学性质的研究。重组酶RHA1的最适pH值和最适温度分别为5.0和45℃,Km值为(0.223±0.030)mmol/L,V_(max)值为(1.272±0.121)μmol/(min·mg)。在pH值为6~10的缓冲液内酶活力仍保持在80%以上;在温度为40℃以下时,酶活较为稳定,但在温度高于40℃时酶活力迅速下降。RHA1能水解pNPR、橙皮苷和芦丁。【结论】RHA1具有良好的pH稳定性,不仅能够水解人工底物pNPR,还能够水解α-1,6键的天然底物橙皮苷和芦丁,具有一定的医疗应用价值。     

α-淀粉酶Amy7C及其突变体最适pH值的定量预测

【目的】pH值是影响酶催化效率的关键参数,通常需要通过实验方式才能确定生物酶的最适 pH 值,而该方式要消耗较多的人力、物力和时间。因此,有必要发展一种利用酶的简单结构信息即可预测其最适 pH 值的方法。【方法】以20-1前馈反向传播的神经网络为模型,完成535种氨基酸属性对α-淀粉酶 pH 值的拟合。同时,将α-淀粉酶 Amy7C及其54个突变体的数据分为2组,用35个酶作为训练组进行拟合,20个酶作为验证组进行检验,并对不同层次及神经元个数的模型进行比较。【结果】109个氨基酸属性可实现20-1神经网络模型收敛,表明这些氨基酸属性可用干预测α-淀粉酶的最适 pH值,但是不同氨基酸属性预测 pH 值的效果差别较大,只有部分指标预测 pH值的效果较好。多模型的分析结果显示,不同模型对训练组R值的结果具有显著性差异,而对训练组P值、验证组R值和验证组P 值结果无显著性差异。【结论】氨基酸分布概率等属性可用干预测α-淀粉酶的最适 pH值。20-1神经网络模型是预测α-淀粉酶最适 pH值相对理想的模型。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.