低渗透油藏压裂水平井产能计算新方法

应用复位势理论和势的叠加原理,推导出考虑裂缝与水平段同时生产的油层中渗流模型;应用流体力学理论、质量守恒定理和动量定理,推导出考虑水平井简沿程油层流体流入和裂缝流体流入的井筒内压降计算模型.在此基础上建立了油层中渗流和井筒内管流耦合的产能模型,并给出其求解方法.实例计算结果与实验结果对比表明,进行压裂水平井生产动态分析时,不能忽略水平井筒沿程油层流体流入的影响;水平井筒内的压力降对产量有一定的影响,水平井筒长度存在最优范围;各条裂缝产量不相等,裂缝条数存在最优范围.     

射孔水平井孔眼分布优化研究

利用油藏流体渗流模型和水平井筒内流体流动模型 ,推导出了油藏井筒流体流动耦合模型 ,在该模型中考虑了两种流动的相互作用和影响。建立了以水平井产量为目标函数、以孔眼分布为决策变量的优化模型 ,将其计算结果与均匀流入剖面、均匀射孔分布的结果进行了对比。由于优化模型中考虑了水平井筒内变质量流的影响 ,从而可为现场水平井的优化设计提供理论依据。     

水平井生产特性及孔眼密度优化分析

建立了考虑油藏流入影响的水平井筒水平段流动模型 ,在给定边界条件下对模型进行了数值求解 ,得到了水平井筒沿程压力分布和流入剖面。推导了均匀流入时压力剖面、单位长度生产指数剖面以及沿水平段的孔眼分布方程 ,并用一个实例计算了在给定井产量和水平段长度时所需要的生产压差。计算结果表明 ,由于井筒中压降的存在 ,油井产量不能随水平段长度的增加而无限增加     

水平井生产特性及孔眼密度优化分析

建立了考虑油藏流入影响的水平井筒水平段流动模型,在给定边界条件下对模型进行了数值求解,得到了水平井筒沿程压力分布和流入剖面。推导了均匀流入时压力剖面、单位长度生产指数剖面以及沿水平段的孔眼分布方程,并用一个实例计算了在给定井产量和水平段长度时所需要的生产压差。计算结果表明,由于井筒中压降的存在,油井产量不能随水平段长度的增加而无限增加。     

射孔水平井孔眼分布优化研究

利用油藏流体模型和水平井筒内流体流动模型，推导出了油藏－井筒流体流动耦合模型，在该模型中考虑了两种流动的相互作用和影响。建立了以水平井产量为目标函数、以孔眼分布为决策变量的优化模型，将其计算结果与均匀流入剖面、均匀射孔分布的结果进行了对比。由于优化模型中考虑了水平井筒内变质量流的影响，从而可为现场水平井的优化设计提供理论依据。     

分段压裂水平气井产能数值模型建立

随着水平井分段压裂技术在致密气藏开发中广泛应用,压裂后产能的预测对开发此类气藏具有重要意义。应用复位势理论和势叠加原理等基本渗流理论,结合水平井压后裂缝形态和单相气体渗流机理,推导出考虑水平井筒内压降损失时的产能预测新模型。模型综合考虑了多条裂缝间的相互干扰和各条裂缝的长度、缝宽、导流能力、缝间距对各条裂缝产量的影响以及水平井筒内压降损失对产能的影响,建立了考虑多因素的水平气井产能数值模型。编制了模拟计算软件。并以长庆油田某致密气藏区块为例进行了裂缝方案优化设计。研究成果对于低渗致密气藏井网部署及开发方案编制具有一定的指导意义。     

水平井筒压降及其对产能影响的研究

根据水平井筒变质量流动特点,建立了水平井筒压力梯度模型,讨论了几种计算井筒压力降的方法.由于沿水平井筒段的压力变化直接影响油藏中的流体沿井筒生产段的流入,引入了考虑井筒压降时水平井产量的估算模型,并针对井筒为无限导流时的产能计算,计算了考虑井筒压降对水平井生产动态的影响.所得结果可为准确估算水平井产量以及合理预测水平井的生产动态提供理论依据.     

水平井筒流体变质量流动压力梯度模型

建立了水平井筒油藏流体从管壁流入时孔眼段流体压力梯度模型 ,讨论了井筒有效管壁摩擦系数对流体压力梯度的影响。在此基础上 ,建立了同时考虑井筒流体流动和油藏渗流的井筒油藏耦合模型 ,该模型将Dikken模型中沿整个水平段单位长度生产指数为常数的假定进行了推广。在给定条件下对压力降模型进行了讨论 ,计算了单个孔眼段的压力损失。计算结果表明 ,水平井段较长或产量较高时 ,水平段流体压力降比较明显。     

水平井筒流体质量流动压力梯度模型

建立了水平井筒油藏流体从管壁流入时孔眼段流体压力梯度模型。讨论了井筒有效管壁摩擦系数对流体压力梯度的影响,在此基础上,建立了同时考虑井筒流体流动和油藏渗流的井筒-油藏耦合模型。该模型将Dikken模型中沿整个水平段单位长度生产指数为常数的假定进行了推广,在给定条件下对压力降模型进行了讨论。计算了单个孔眼段的压力损失。计算结果表明,水平井段较长或产量较高时。水平段流体压力降比较明显。     

多元热流体吞吐水平井热参数和加热半径计算

多元热流体吞吐已成为海上稠油的主要热采方式。为优化注入参数,对水平井井筒沿程热力参数和加热半径进行预测。考虑井筒流动与油层渗流的耦合,建立水平段井筒中多元热流体流动和换热的数学模型。计算多元热流体水平段沿程压力、干度和加热半径分布,分析气体含量、注入速度等因素的影响。结果表明:在注入过程中,水平段沿程压力和蒸汽干度逐渐下降,加热半径呈先下降后上升的"U"型变化;保持其他条件不变,适当降低非凝结气体含量、增大注入流量,有助于扩大加热范围。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~