分布式数据库的关联规则更新算法

提出一种分布式数据库的频繁项目集更新算法.该算法主要考虑分布式数据库记录总数不变,增加新项目集后的频繁项目集更新情况.算法排除原数据库已挖掘的频繁项目集,减少了各站点候选频繁项目集数目,同时减少了各站点之间传送的频繁项目集数目,减少网络流量,提高了频繁项目集挖掘的效率.通过理论分析,该算法比FDM算法效率高,并通过实例和实验证明了算法的有效性和可行性.     

基因表达数据的频繁闭合模式挖掘新算法

基因表达数据集与传统事务数据集相比呈现出新的特征,由于其项目数远远大于事务数,使得大量现有的基于项目枚举的频繁闭合模式挖掘算法不再适用.为此提出一种频繁闭合模式挖掘新算法TPclose,使用TP-树(tidset-prefix tree)保存项目的事务集信息.该算法将频繁闭合模式挖掘问题转换成频繁闭合事务集挖掘问题,采取自顶向下分而治之的事务搜索策略,并组合了高效的修剪技术和有效的优化技术.实验表明,TPclose算法普遍快于自底向上事务搜索算法RERⅡ,最高达2个数量级以上.     

一种新的基于FP_Growth的频繁项目集并行挖掘算法

频繁项目集挖掘用于发现项目之间的关联规则.为了高效求解面向大数据的频繁项目集,本文提出一种新的基于FP_Growth的频繁项目集并行挖掘算法NPFP_Growth(New Parallel algorithm based on FP_Growth),该算法对频繁模式树的存储结构进行改进,基于Map/Reduce并行计算模型,利用HDFS实现数据存储,在各自计算节点上构造局部频繁模式树,求解该局部频繁模式树中每个分支的最长全局频繁项目集;对于全局非频繁项目集,计算其支持数,发送至相应计算节点进行支持度统计,从而以较为简单的算法实现频繁项目集并行挖掘.实验表明,NPFP_Growth算法具有较高的计算效率和良好的可伸缩性.     

一种关联规则增量更新算法

关联规则是数据挖掘领域的一个重要分支,而发现频繁项目集是关联规则数据挖掘中的关键问题.频繁项目集是在给定的交易数据库D下满足最小支持度和最小置信度下的一个项目集合,但随着数据集的增减,就会产生不同的频繁项目集.如何发现在数据集变化情况下频繁项目集快速和高效地更新是文中解决的问题.为此提出了一种改进的增量更新算法,实验结果表明此算法有较好的效果.     

频繁闭项目集更新算法

挖掘频繁闭项目集是数据挖掘领域中的一个重要研究方向,人们已提出了许多用于高效地发现大规模数据库中频繁闭项目集的算法,但对其更新维护问题的研究却比较少.在分析了频繁闭项目集更新算法关键技术的基础上,提出一种快速的增量式频繁闭项目集更新算法FUFCIA(fastupdating frquent closed itemsets algorithm),该算法将充分利用先前挖掘过程中所产生的信息来节省发现新的频繁闭项目集的时间开销,降低了候选频繁闭项目集的规模,减少了扫描数据库的次数.最后对该算法进行分析和讨论,并进行试验验证,试验结果表明算法FUFCIA是有效的.     

基于集合和剪枝原理的关联规则隐藏算法

针对传统关联规则隐藏算法直接遍历数据集,而导致输入输出流资源浪费的问题,提出一种基于集合和剪枝原理的关联规则隐藏算法。该算法首先建立频繁模式树(FP-tree),利用后剪枝原理去除属性相同规则,减少了遍历原始数据集所耗I/O时间;然后通过建立集合来保存真实频繁序列,并以集合为单位隐藏关联规则,既保证数据集质量,又提高频繁序列挖掘效率。实验结果表明,该算法与GSP、SPADE算法相比较,不仅更好地保证了数据集的高质量,而且降低了20%～50%频繁序列挖掘时间,并在隐藏敏感规则上有较好的实用性。     

基于投影位置的序列模式挖掘算法

针对PrefixSpan算法在产生频繁序列模式(特别是挖掘密数据集和长序列模式)时会产生大量的投影数据库,使得算法性能下降的问题,提出一种基于投影位置的序列模式挖掘(PSPM)算法.该算法利用Apriori性质舍弃对非频繁项存储,节省了存储空间和扫描不可能出现序列的挖掘时间;在递归挖掘过程中,利用投影位置表直接定位投影序列位置进行挖掘局部频繁项,避免了构造投影数据库,从而提高执行效率.实验结果表明:与PrefixSpan(with pseudo-pro)算法相比,PSPM具有更好的执行效率和可伸缩性.     

基于链表结构的频繁模式树构造

FP-Growth算法在关联规则挖掘中是最经典的算法,主要通过频繁模式树(FP树)避免生成候选频繁项目集.针对FP-Growth算法中耗费内存严重的问题,采用链表存储方式,给出了FP-Growth算法的实现方法,其中单个结点采用链表形式来产生,频繁模式树采用左孩子右兄弟的存储结构来组织.在此基础上利用索引表,实现了对频繁模式树中共同前缀结点的快速查找,提高了频繁模式树构造的效率,解决了FP树构造算法中数据存储的瓶颈问题.最后以天体光谱数据和城市土壤数据作为数据集分别对该算法进行测试,实验结果表明,该方法的构造效率要明显优于基于顺序结构的FP-Growth算法.     

关联规则Apriori改进算法

在分析关联规则和Apriori算法原理的基础上,针对Apriori算法瓶颈提出一种改进算法,该算法直接产生项数最大频繁项目集.改进算法访问的数据量明显减少,尤其适用于只寻找项数最大的频繁项目集的情况,尤其适用于稀疏数据.实验结果表明改进算法提高了算法效率,改善了算法的性能.     

分布式环境下全局模糊频繁项目集的快速挖掘

为了解决模糊关联规则挖掘算法需要用户事先给定模糊集和相应隶属度函数的问题,提出基于分布式聚类自动生成模糊集及隶属度函数的算法GFAM.该算法利用分布式K-Means聚类算法对每个数值型属性进行聚类,求得聚类中心,由此构造全局模糊集,定义全局隶属度函数.DFAR算法根据构造的全局模糊集及隶属度函数进行分布式模糊频繁项目集的快速挖掘,采用全局-局部站点模式,其中包括局部模糊频繁项目集产生算法FLF和全局模糊频繁项目集产生算法FGF.实验结果表明,该算法能准确地生成全局模糊频繁项目集,在求解全局模糊频繁项目集过程中,传送局部模糊候选项目集支持数的通信量为O(n),提高了算法的挖掘效率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.