DMSO诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞的凋亡

烟草BY-2悬浮细胞经不同浓度的DMSO处理后发现,2％DMSO处理可导致细胞核染色质凝集或核结构解体,琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示基因组DNA降解成明显的梯状条带,从而表现出典型的细胞凋亡特征．对微丝骨架的进一步观察发现,2％DMSO处理引起细胞内微丝骨架分布异常,造成微丝骨架不同程度地断裂．这些结果为进一步研究微丝骨架在植物细胞凋亡中的功能奠定了基础．     

烟草NtCDC48基因的克隆及功能分析

利用裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）系统从烟草BY-2悬浮细胞中分离得到了NtCDC48 cDNA序列， 全长2729bp，包括74bp的5′端非翻译区，2427bp的开放阅读框以及228bp的3′端非翻译区，可读框编码808个氨基酸，推导蛋白含有两个典型的ATPase模块（aa：245—374；518—646）. 在烟草悬浮细胞中过量表达NtCDC48能显著提高烟草BY-2细胞的有丝分裂指数，并导致纺锤体微管列阵的两极结构由相对集中转换为极端弥散状态. NtCDC48GFP融合蛋白在细胞周期M期的亚细胞定位结果表明，NtCDC48随细胞周期进程发生有规律的变化.这些结果表明NtCDC48在植物细胞有丝分裂进程中发挥着重要作用.     

拟南芥中一个经典阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白的亚细胞定位

为确定拟南芥中一个经典阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(arabinogalactan-protein,AGP)的亚细胞定位,克隆了这个基因的编码区,与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因构建融合表达载体,经农杆菌介导转化烟草BY-2悬浮细胞.利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,在稳定转化的BY-2细胞表面观察到绿色荧光.研究结果表明,此AGP分布在细胞膜表面.     

NADPH氧化酶NtrbohD参与烟草悬浮细胞ABA诱导的H2O2快速产生过程

研究了烟草BY-2悬浮细胞在脱落酸（ABA）诱导下产生过氧化氢（H2O2）的机制,发现ABA能够显著诱导H2O2快速产生,且H2O2主要是由超氧化物歧化酶催化超氧阴离子产生的．ABA处理可导致烟草悬浮细胞质膜NADPH氧化酶活性以时间依赖的方式快速增加,其增加的幅度和时间与ABA诱导H2O2积累一致,而且,这些增加的效应能够被NADPH氧化酶抑制剂碘二苯和咪唑显著抑制,说明质膜NADPH氧化酶参与烟草悬浮细胞H2O2快速积累过程．另外,用RT-PCR和蛋白印迹技术分析了烟草质膜NADPH氧化酶基因NtrbohD的表达水平,发现该基因在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达受ABA上调,表明NtrbohD参与烟草悬浮细胞ABA诱导H2O2快速产生过程．结果说明,ABA能够诱导悬浮细胞通过NADPH氧化酶快速产生活性氧,提示NAD-PH氧化酶和H2O2可能是植物细胞中ABA信号转导途径的重要成分。     

烟草悬浮细胞细胞核及核骨架中存在有肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的证据

自烟草悬浮培养细胞中分离出细胞核,提取核总蛋白后,用DNase Ⅰ消化去除核酸和2M NaCl抽提后制备成细胞核骨架.以抗β-actin的抗体作一抗,辣根过氧化物酶标记(HRP)的羊抗兔抗体作二抗进行免疫印迹.结果证实,在细胞质、细胞核与核骨架中均存在与肌动蛋白抗体呈阳性反应的抗原.以抗myosin Ⅰβ抗体作一抗,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的羊抗兔抗体作二抗进行免疫印迹.也证实了细胞核中存在与肌球蛋白抗体呈阳性反应的抗原.上述结果证明,肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白是烟草悬浮细胞细胞核及核骨架的组成成分.来源于老鼠纤维原细胞细胞核中的肌球蛋白Ⅰ存在于烟草细胞核中也表明细胞核中的肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白在生物进化过程中是相当保守的.     

植物微丝骨架研究进展

文章就植物花粉管、保卫细胞中微丝骨架以及微丝骨架与信号转导的一些研究进展作了简要介绍 .     

毛白杨果胶甲酯酶PtoPME34-1调控植物抗旱性研究

为了探究林木植物中果胶甲酯酶PME的功能,本研究中,我们从毛白杨中克隆出拟南芥PME34的同源基因PtoPME34-1,阐述了该基因在毛白杨中的生物学功能.生物信息学分析表明,毛白杨PtoPME34-1基因与毛果杨PtrPME34-1序列相似性为100%,与拟南芥AtPME34序列相似性为93%.组织特异性表达分析显示PtoPME34-1基因在所有组织都有表达,在基部茎、木质部的表达量较高,在老叶表达量最低.蛋白亚细胞定位结果显示,绿色荧光蛋白GFP标记的PtoPME34-1-GFP融合蛋白定位在烟草叶片细胞壁.毛白杨PtoPME34-1基因过表达显著提高植株的抗旱性.毛白杨PtoPME34-1和PtoPME34-2基因的双突变体植株中果胶甲酯化程度升高,且植物抗旱性也显著增加.这些研究结果证实PtoPME34-1在调控植物生长发育和抗旱胁迫中发挥重要作用.     

交替氧化酶对AlCl_3胁迫下烟草BY-2悬浮细胞死亡发生的影响

以烟草悬浮细胞BY-2为材料,探讨了在Al Cl3胁迫下交替氧化酶对烟草悬浮细胞死亡发生的影响.结果表明,随着Al Cl3的增加(30、50、80、100μmol/L),烟草悬浮细胞的细胞死亡水平逐渐上升,交替呼吸途径的容量水平随之增大.在Al Cl3胁迫下细胞中H2O2的浓度也有所增加.较之在Al Cl3处理下的细胞,将交替氧化酶抑制剂水杨基氧肟酸预处理后的细胞再置于Al Cl3的胁迫下,则导致了细胞死亡水平和H2O2含量的进一步上升;H2O2可以以剂量依赖的方式导致细胞死亡水平的上升,H2O2的清除剂可以降低Al Cl3胁迫及H2O2处理下细胞死亡的水平.在Al Cl3胁迫下植物细胞能够提升交替呼吸途径的容量,从而在一定程度上限制了细胞H2O2的积累,并由此缓解了细胞死亡的发生.     

烟草悬浮系培养与细胞器的分离

通过诱导BY-2型烟草叶片愈伤组织，进一步建立烟草细胞悬浮系．酶解去壁从细胞悬浮系中获得原生质体，用含有0．5％Triton X-100的CSK缓冲液破裂细胞膜，释放出细胞器,再通过不连续的蔗糖，Percou梯度进行速率区带离心，分离纯化出细胞核和叶绿体,通过分离、纯化细胞核的对照实验证明不同培养条件对烟草细胞悬浮系的生长和周期具有显著影响。     

细胞骨架在植物细胞周期进程中的动态变化及其调控?

细胞周期,即细胞生长与分裂的周期,是生命得以世代繁衍而生生不息的基础.真核细胞有丝分裂周期进程调控的分子机制高度保守.其间,微管和微丝骨架进行有规律的动态变化,顺次组成各种细胞生长和分裂装置,主动参与细胞周期进程的调节.然而,高等植物细胞周期不同时相分别有着与动物细胞不完全相同的、独特的细胞骨架列阵.而这些列阵的产生和维持直接依赖于众多细胞骨架结合蛋白以及上游信号分子的调控.本文重点综述了植物细胞周期进程中微管和微丝骨架的动态变化规律以及参与植物细胞骨架动态和有丝分裂装置组装调控的细胞骨架结合蛋白的最新研究进展,同时对细胞骨架在植物细胞周期进程中研究进行总结和展望.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48 . The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245-374 and aa 518-646) . Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through Gl to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48. The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245?374 and aa 518?646). Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through G1 to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

Prokaryotic expression and characterization of a pea actin isoform （PEAcl） fused to GFP

Actins widely exist in eukaryotic cells and play important roles in many living activities. As there are many kinds of actin isoforms in plant cells,it is difficult to purifyeach actin isoform in sufficient quantities for analysing itsphysicochemical properties. In the present study, apea(pisum Sativum L.)actin isoform (PEAc1)fused to His-tag at its amino terminus and GFP(green fluorescent protein)atits Carboxyl terminus were expressed in E. coli in inclusionbodies. The fusion protein (PEAc1-GFP)was highly purifiedwith the yield of above 2 mg/L culture by dissolving inclu-sions in 8 mol/L urea,renaturing by dialysis in a gradient of urea,and affinity binding to Ni-resin. The purified mono-meric PEAc1-GFP could efficiently bind on DNase I andinhibit the latter抯 enzyme activity. PEAc1-GFP could po-lymerise into green fluorescent filamentous structures(F-PEAc1-GFP),which could be labelled byTRITC-phalloidin,a specific agent for observing microfila-ments. The PEAc1-GFP polymerlzation curve was identicalwith that of chicken skeletal muscle actin. The critical con-centration for PEAc1-Gfp to polymerise into filaments is 0.24 μmol/L.The F-PEAc1-GFP could stimulate myosinMg-ATPase activity in a protein concentration dependantmanner (about 4 folds at 1 mg/mL F-PEAc1-GFP). The re-sults above show that the PEAc1 fused to GFP retained theassembly characteristic of actin, indicating that gene fusion,prokaryotic expression, denaturation and renaturation,andaffinity chromatography is a useful strategy for obtainingplant actin isoform proteins in a large amount.     

马铃薯StHb1蛋白的亚细胞定位

为了研究马铃薯StHb1蛋白的亚细胞定位情况,采用RT-PCR技术克隆到马铃薯StHb1基因cDNA序列,并成功构建了StHb1基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因的融合表达载体pBI121-StHb1-GFP.利用农杆菌介导法将重组载体转化洋葱内表皮细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察融合蛋白的瞬时表达以确定StHb1蛋白在细胞内的分布.结果表明StHb1蛋白主要分布于细胞核中.     

使用差异定位SunTag组件实现对细胞质内高含量蛋白的活细胞观察

生物过程由数百万个蛋白质驱动.蛋白质结构和蛋白质定位是蛋白质行使功能的关键.在过去的研究中,快速发展的荧光显微镜成像技术使研究人员可以直接观察蛋白质在活细胞内的定位.然而,对细胞质内高含量蛋白的活细胞观察仍然存在技术障碍.我们通过改进SunTag标记技术,使用差异定位的SunTag组件:一方面,在研究目的蛋白(POI)上标记多个V4抗原;另一方面,将识别V4抗原的抗体GCN4融合的绿色荧光蛋白(GCN4-GFP)通过差异定位后限制其与抗原的结合量.我们的方法大大降低了背景荧光信号,实现了对dynamin膜上功能单位的直接可视化.     

Involvement of NADPH oxidase NtrbohD in the rapid production of H2O2 induced by ABA in cultured tobacco cell line BY-2

The mechanisms for the production of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） induced by abscisic acid （ABA） were investigated in suspension culture cells of tobacco BY-2 cells. The results showed that the immediate generation of H2O2, which was mainly derived from super-oxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide radical, was significantly induced by ABA. Furthermore, treatment of the cultured tobacco cells with ABA resulted in a time-dependent quick increase in plasma membrane （PM） NADPH oxidase activity, which coin- cided on time and magnitude with the elevation in ABA-induced accumulation of H2O2. Moreover, these enhanced effects were pro- nouncedly inhibited by two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, diphenylene iodonium and imidazole, suggesting that PM NADPH oxidase is involved in the rapid accumulation of H2O2 in cultured tobacco cells. In addition, analysis of the expression level of NtrbohD, a PM NADPH oxidase gene in tobacco, by RT-PCR and protein gel blot revealed that the gene at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated by ABA, indicating that NtrbohD participates in the ABA-stimulated rapid production of H2O2 in tobacco culture cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that ABA induces the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase in sus-pension culture cells of tobacco, and that NADPH oxidase and H2O2 appear to be important components in ABA signal transduction pathway in plants.     

Involvement of NADPH oxidase NtrbohD in the rapid production of H2O2 induced by ABA in cultured tobacco cell line BY-2

The mechanisms for the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced by abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated in suspension culture cells of tobacco BY-2 cells. The results showed that the immediate generation of H₂O₂, which was mainly derived from superoxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide radical, was significantly induced by ABA. Furthermore, treatment of the cultured tobacco cells with ABA resulted in a time-dependent quick increase in plasma membrane (PM) NADPH oxidase activity, which coincided on time and magnitude with the elevation in ABA-induced accumulation of H₂O₂. Moreover, these enhanced effects were pronouncedly inhibited by two NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium and imidazole, suggesting that PM NADPH oxidase is involved in the rapid accumulation of ₂O₂ in cultured tobacco cells. In addition, analysis of the expression level of NtrbohD, a PM NADPH oxidase gene in tobacco, by RT-PCR and protein gel blot revealed that the gene at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated by ABA, indicating that NtrbohD participates in the ABA-stimulated rapid production of H₂O₂ in tobacco culture cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that ABA induces the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase in suspension culture cells of tobacco, and that NADPH oxidase and H₂O₂ appear to be important components in ABA signal transduction pathway in plants.     

Involvement of NADPH oxidase NtrbohD in the rapid production of H2O2 induced by ABA in cultured tobacco cell line BY-2

The mechanisms for the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced by abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated in suspension culture cells of tobacco BY-2 cells. The results showed that the immediate generation of H₂O₂, which was mainly derived from superoxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of superoxide radical, was significantly induced by ABA. Furthermore, treatment of the cultured tobacco cells with ABA resulted in a time-dependent quick increase in plasma membrane (PM) NADPH oxidase activity, which coincided on time and magnitude with the elevation in ABA-induced accumulation of H₂O₂. Moreover, these enhanced effects were pronouncedly inhibited by two NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium and imidazole, suggesting that PM NADPH oxidase is involved in the rapid accumulation of ₂O₂ in cultured tobacco cells. In addition, analysis of the expression level of NtrbohD, a PM NADPH oxidase gene in tobacco, by RT-PCR and protein gel blot revealed that the gene at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated by ABA, indicating that NtrbohD participates in the ABA-stimulated rapid production of H₂O₂ in tobacco culture cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that ABA induces the rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase in suspension culture cells of tobacco, and that NADPH oxidase and H₂O₂ appear to be important components in ABA signal transduction pathway in plants.     

Subcellular localization and functional analyses of structural domains of COP1 in transgenic tobacco

Plants have evolved an extremely exquisite light signal regulatory network to adapt to the changing ambient light conditions, in which COP1 plays a critical role of the light signal transduction. Based on the cloned pea COP1 cDNA sequence and its protein structure, four individual gene fragments encoding different structural domains of the COP1 were designed to fuse to the GFP gene. The plant expression vectors containing these fusion genes as well as the COP1GFP fusion gene were constructed and used to transform tobacco by Agribacterium as confirmed by Southern analyses. Antibodies were raised against the recombinant GFP-COP1 overproduced in Escherichia coli. Immunoblotting results demonstrated that all of the fusion genes were constitutively expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. We systematically investigated the different subcellular localization of these fusion proteins and the resulting phenotypic characteristics of these transgenic plants under light and dark conditions. Our data show that (1) the molecular mass of the tobacco endogenous COP1 protein is 76 kD. It is constitutively expressed in all of the tested tissues and the total cellular content of COP1 protein is not noticeably affected by light conditions. (2) The nuclear localization signal of COP1 plays a critical role in regulation of its nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning. The subcellular localization of the COP1 protein containing nuclear localization signal is regulated by light in the epidermal cells of leaves, but, it is located in nucleus constitutively in root cells. (3) The coiled-coil domain is very critical to the function of COP1 protein, while the zinc binding RING finger domain only plays a supportive role. (4) The WD-40 repeats domain is essential to the COP1 function, but this domain alone does not affect photomorphogenesis. (5) Overexpression of COP1 protein not only inhibits the photomorphogenesis of the stems and leaves of the transgenic tobacco, but also results in the generation of short and clustered roots. In contrast, overexpression of COP1 protein without WD-40 repeats domain promotes the photomorphogenesis process in the stems and leaves and lead to root elongation and lack of lateral roots. The COP1-COP1 interaction happens not only in the nucleus, but also in cytoplasm.