腺苷的热解过程及其热分解非等温动力学

目的：研究了腺苷的热解过程及非等温动力学，方法：采用了TG－DTG热重仪与红外技术测定腺苷的热解曲线，用Ozawa多升温速率法以及Achar微分法和Coats-Redlfern积分法确定热分解函数，结果：由TG及IR解析了热解过程并得到动力学参数活活化能E，指前因子A，结论：腺苷的热解产物为腺嘌吟，第1步热分解动力学表达式为：dα／dt=Ae^-E/RT2(1-α)[-1N(1-α）]^1/3.     

乙酰化木粉的热解动力学研究

利用热重分析仪在升温速率分别为5、10、15、20和25 K/min的条件下对乙酰化木粉进行热解研究,利用Horowitz-Metzger和Coats-Redlfern两种不同的动力学模型对乙酰化木粉进行热解动力学分析。结果表明:乙酰化木粉的热解过程主要分为预热解、快速热解和慢速热解3个阶段,其中快速热解阶段失重率可达70%。对实验数据进行回归拟合,结果显示快速热解过程是一级反应。由两种模型计算所得的活化能数值不同,但是总体变化趋势基本相同。与其他一些生物质材料的热解参数对比可知乙酰化木粉更难被热分解。     

线路板废渣的真空热解动力学

采用真空热解技术对真空下线路板废渣进行了热解动力学研究,以期为真空热解批量回收处理设备的设计提供理论依据.根据线路板废渣的热失重微分(DTG)曲线,讨论了其在三个失重反应阶段的情况,计算得到反应级数为3,活化能为68.001 kJ/mol,指前因子为4.67×107m in-1.与氮气下线路板的热解相比,真空下的热解反应活化能降低了100 kJ/mol左右.同时,根据计算所得动力学参数模拟的真空热解DTG曲线与实验所得的DTG曲线相一致.     

粒径、升温速率及催化剂对废轮胎胶粉热解特性的影响

采用热重分析法探讨了不同粒径、升温速率及催化剂对废轮胎胶粉热解特性的影响。结果表明:随升温速率加快,废轮胎胶粉的TG/DTG曲线向着高温区段移动,且热解反应时间Δt会缩短,说明升温速率加快有助于废轮胎胶粉的热解反应;粒径(20目至100目)对废轮胎胶粉热解反应TG/DTG曲线影响很小,但目数增大最终失重率会变小。在低温段,NiCl2,CoCl2和Co/Ni 3种催化剂都能有效降低废轮胎胶粉热解的反应活化能,其中NiCl2效果明显,可以降低30.37 kJ/mol,而ZnO对低温区的反应活化能没有影响;在高温段,NiCl2能降低废轮胎胶粉的反应活化能,而CoCl2,Co/Ni和ZnO则使反应活化能分别升高16.966 kJ/mol,10.813 kJ/mol和7.5 kJ/mol;催化剂Cr2O3对低温段和高温段的反应活化能没有影响。     

酚醛树脂保温板热解动力学研究

采用热重分析仪研究酚醛树脂保温板粉体热解行为.采用FWO法探讨活化能分布,机理函数法确定热解动力学模型.结果表明:10 K/min的升温速率下,酚醛树脂保温板粉体热解过程可分为三个阶段.低于180℃,粉体表面吸附水份受热脱附蒸发过程,失重约10％,符合一维扩散的D1机理函数模型,活化能约25 kJ/mol;180～408℃,交联网络的分解和主聚合物链的随机断裂,同时释放出低分子烃类挥发物,失重约32％,符合二级化学反应模型,活化能约为58 kJ/mol;408～800℃,芳香族组分分解,失重约28％,遵循三维扩散、球形对称模型,活化能约为67 kJ/mol;剩余固体物为炭,约占30％.DTG曲线出现多峰,证明酚醛树脂保温板热解是个复杂过程;随着升温速率提高炭得率略有增加.     

不同气氛下氟醚橡胶热分解动力学的对比研究

利用热失重分析方法(TGA),研究了氟醚橡胶生胶在空气和氮气中的热分解规律,并探讨了五种升温速率下的热分解动力学.应用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法计算获得了其热解过程的动力学参数,并利用Popescu法推断得到了热解过程的反应机理函数.研究结果表明:氟醚橡胶生胶只呈现出一个主要的热失重峰;升温速率越大,热分解温度越高;氮气中更稳定且氧气对其热分解有一定的促进作用;空气中的热分解活化能平均值为172.5kJ/mol,氮气中的为260.9kJ/mol;两种气氛下,热解过程均不能由单一的机理函数来描述;空气中,340℃~370℃阶段机理符合相边界反应,球形对称,370℃~380℃阶段机理函数符合Ginstling-Brounshtein(G-B)方程,380℃~400℃阶段符合Zhuralev(Zh)方程;氮气中,400℃~430℃阶段机理函数符合Ginstling-Brounshtein(G-B)方程,430℃~460℃阶段机理符合相边界反应,球形对称.     

基于热重法的纸张热老化特性分析及其评价模型

对纸张进行人工加速热老化,利用热重分析法(TG)对纸张热解过程进行分析,探讨了纸张在老化过程中的热失重特性.结果表明,纸张热解失重过程可分为纸张失水和纤维素热裂解失重两个阶段.TG动力学分析表明:未老化纸张的活化能最小,随着老化程度的加剧,活化能先增大后减小;随老化时间的延长和老化温度的升高,纸张的热稳定性变差,纸张热解转化率达0.5时的温度(θ0.5)逐步下降,纸张老化前后的θ0.5差值(Δθ0.5)逐步变大;纸张聚合度相对值(DP/DP0)与Δθ0.5存在指数量化关系,因此Δθ0.5可作为衡量纸张老化程度的一个参量.利用TG建立了一个快速量化评价纸张老化的模型,检验结果显示所得模型与实验数据吻合很好,模型具有较好的预测性.     

橡胶单体热解动力学过程及模型

应用热综合分析仪(TG/FTIR)研究了橡胶的三种单体(天然胶Nr,丁苯胶SBr和顺丁胶Br)的热解过程.TG/DTG曲线表明单体的热解可分为2～3个阶段,其中SBr的初始热解温度和Nr完全热解的温度最低;升温速率改变单体热解速率最大值和其对应的温度.三种单体热解析出的气体组分复杂.最后,计算了三种单体热解的动力学参数.     

干燥污泥与含水污泥的热解动力学研究

为初步探寻含水污泥的热解动力学机理,在不同升温速率下利用热重-差热(TG-DTA)分析仪对干燥污泥和含水污泥进行了热分析对比实验.根据Coats-Redfern法,采用11种常见机理函数对不同升温速率下干、湿污泥的热解主体阶段进行线性模拟,并结合Malek法筛选出最为合理的机理方程,求解其动力学参数.结果表明:干燥污泥的TG曲线有1个明显失重段,而含水污泥的TG曲线则出现2个失重区间;高升温速率可在一定程度上促进反应的进行,有利于提高污泥有机质的转化率.     

生物质花生壳热分解及热分解模拟

用NETZSCH-STA409PC热分析仪研究了生物质花生壳的分解规律和动力学.花生壳的热分解主要有3个失重过程,第1个发生在80～100℃,为失水过程,对应DSC为吸热,失重量6%;第2个发生在100～380℃,为花生壳的热分解过程,该过程为吸热,失重量54%;第3个发生在380～700℃,为热分解残余有机物缓慢分解过程,失重量为16%;700℃后,基本恒重.讨论升温速率、粒度、气速对热分解曲线的影响.拟合了动力学方程函数,并求出动力学参数.花生壳分解可用三维扩散模型(D3)模拟,活化能E=141.67kJ.mol-1,指前因子lgA=8.645 4,用所得D3模型动力学方程预测,在花生壳分解过程中于360℃保温12min它的分解率近100%.这个结果能够用于优化气化分解过程.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.