功能电极钛合金表面TiN涂层的原位合成

针对功能电极电火花诱导烧蚀加工钛合金的表面缺陷,通过原加工系统向加工区域通入氮气,利用电火花放电对烧蚀加工表面进行修整,放电产生的热量促使氮气和钛合金表面材料发生化学反应,原位合成了TiN涂层,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等检测手段对涂层进行测试.结果表明:加工过程中电火花放电稳定连续,能量利用率较高;涂层致密、均匀、连续,主要由TiN强化相组成,厚度可达400μm以上;TiN涂层显微硬度可达1761.8,是基体硬度的5.7倍;涂层与基体之间形成结合强度高的冶金结合且TiN相分布比较均匀;合成反应对电极有很强的反镀作用,电极端面以TiN强化相为主,能有效地降低电极损耗,同时避免了电极材料对涂层形成的污染,较好地保持涂层中TiN相的纯度.     

钛表面电火花沉积涂层的微观特征及性能

在TA2基体表面电火花沉积制备WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层,对比研究两种涂层的形貌、表面粗糙度、厚度、物相组成、显微硬度以及相对耐磨性。研究结果表明:CoCr/WC涂层比WC涂层缺陷少,界面结合较好。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层表面粗糙度分别约为7.887μm和7.445μm。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层厚度分别约为20μm和40μm。WC涂层表面主要由W_2C、TiC和W等物相组成,CoCr/WC涂层表面主要由W_2C、Co_3W_3C和W等物相组成。WC涂层表面和CoCr/WC涂层表面显微硬度值最大分别达970HV和1040HV。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层的相对耐磨性分别为2.5和3.2。制备WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层使基体表面性能发生改变,CoCr/WC涂层的综合性能优于WC涂层。     

TC4合金氩弧熔覆TiN复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

为提高钛合金表面性能,以TiN粉和Ti粉为原料,利用氩弧熔覆技术,在TC4合金表面成功制备出TiN增强Ti基复合涂层。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织和物相组成;利用显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合涂层的显微硬度和室温干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能。结果表明:氩弧熔覆涂层组织均匀致密,熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,熔覆涂层主要由TiN棒状树枝晶和TiN颗粒组成,复合涂层明显改善了TC4合金的表面硬度,涂层的最高显微硬度可达9.5 GPa;复合涂层在室温干滑动磨损实验条件下具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损,其耐磨性较TC4合金基体提高近9倍。     

AlTiSiN/AlCrSiN纳米多层复合涂层的结构及性能研究

以AlTiSi合金和AlCrSi合金为靶材料,采用阴极电弧离子镀技术在单晶硅、硬质合金基底上沉积AlTiSiN/AlCrSiN纳米晶多层复合涂层,系统研究了氮气压强变化对AlTiSiN/AlCrSiN复合涂层结构和力学性能的影响.利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的形貌和相结构,用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损仪测量了涂层显微硬度和摩擦系数.结果表明:氮气压强对涂层微结构和性能具有较大影响,涂层是以NaCl型TiN和CrN相结构为主的多晶材料.由于多元素掺杂导致复合涂层的衍射峰与纯TiN和CrN衍射峰位相比发生一定的偏移.随着氮气压强的增大,涂层的衍射峰强度逐渐降低并宽化,说明随着氮气压强的增大晶粒尺寸减小.涂层表面的颗粒污染和沉积气压密切相关,随气压增加污染颗粒尺寸逐步减少,涂层表面粗糙度降低;当氮气压从2.0Pa增加到4.0Pa时涂层的硬度值由2437.9HK逐渐增大至3221.5HK;涂层摩擦学性能也和氮气压密切相关,当氮气压强低于3.0Pa时,平均摩擦系数约0.410;而在氮气压强高于3.0Pa后,平均摩擦系数逐渐降至0.258.     

工业纯钛TA2的激光气体氮化

利用5 kW的CO2快速横流激光器对工业纯钛进行了激光气体氮化.采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和显微硬度计对氮化试样进行了微观组织、相组成和显微硬度的分析与测试.研究结果表明:TA2经激光气体氮化后在其表面得到了厚度为100μm、宏观质量良好的氮化层,氮化层与基体之间完全冶金结合.试样表层结构由氮化层、热影响区和基体三部分组成,氮化层是富钛结构,由TiN枝晶和α-′Ti构成,热影响区组织以针状马氏体为主.显微硬度最高可达HV 500,而基体仅为HV 210.     

基体温度对氮化钛涂层微观结构的影响

双辉离子渗金属(DGPSA)技术,在硬质合金基体表面上沉积氮化钛(TiN)涂层,通过x射线衍射(XRD)表征和显微硬度计测试,研究了基体温度对TiN涂层微观结构及其性能的影响．实验结果表明：所制备的TiN涂层均为面心立方结构,并且基体温度明显影响TiN涂层的织构系数、晶粒尺寸、晶格常数、残余应力、微观硬度和耐磨性能．当基体温度为650～780℃时,所沉积TiN涂层具有最小的晶粒尺寸、最高的显微硬度、最大的品格 常数和最好的耐磨性能．     

多弧离子镀制备TiN／AlN纳米多层膜及其超硬效应

采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢表面制备TiN/AlN纳米多层膜,并对 TiN/AlN纳米多层膜的表面形貌、调制机构进行表征.通过对薄膜显微硬度的测试发现,纳米多层膜的显微硬度明显高于TiN 或AlN单层薄膜的显微硬度,具有明显的超硬效应.对比试验表明,TiN/AlN纳米多层膜涂层刀具比TiN 涂层刀具具有更长的使用寿命.     

氩弧熔覆原位合成TiN复合涂层的组织与耐磨性

为提高钢材料的耐磨性,以Ti、TiN和Ni60A三种粉末作为涂层材料,采用氩弧熔覆、原位合成技术,在Q235钢表面制备TiN复合涂层.利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微硬度计及滑动磨损实验机（MMS-2B）对复合涂层的显微组织结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析.结果表明：涂层主要由TiN和α-Fe组成,TiN分布均匀且与基体呈现冶金结合,涂层显微硬度最高达738.17 GPa,耐磨性为Q235钢的8倍.涂层在室温干滑动摩擦磨损条件下表现出优异的耐磨损性能,具有应用价值.     

双层辉光沉积TiN涂层的力学性能研究

采用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在硬质合金YG8基体表面上沉积TiN涂层,通过外观、宏观性能和显微硬度等分析测试,研究了源极到阴极距离、基体温度、辉光放电气压对TiN涂层性能的影响.结果表明:TiN涂层的致密度、均匀性主要受源极到阴极距离的影响,其结合力主要取决于基体温度,而"边缘效应"则主要与辉光放电气压密切相关.双层辉光沉积TiN涂层的优化工艺参数为源极到阴极距离10～12 mm,基体温度750～850 ℃,气压280～340 Pa,所沉积TiN涂层的最高显微硬度可达2 356 HV0.05.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面激光重熔Ni60B+TiN喷涂层的组织与性能

为解决钛及钛合金的耐磨性能，在Ti6Al4V表面进行激光重熔NiCrBSi TiN合金喷涂层的试验，利用XRD和SEM对熔覆层进行了分析，测试了显微硬度和涂层的耐磨性能。结果表明：通过优化工艺参数可获得连续的、均匀的、无裂纹和气孔的熔覆层，熔覆层主要由γ-Ni、TiN、NiB、Cr2Ti和Ti2Ni组成，在结合区热影响区的界面有大约4-5μm的扩散层，熔覆层的平均硬度达l076～l355HV，稀释区为800HV。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.