基于模糊推理的驾驶员反应时间修正研究

为进一步完善汽车主动防碰撞预警系统,建立了一种基于模糊推理的驾驶员反应时间修正方法。该方法以驾驶员的实时反应时间为研究对象,通过实时采集驾驶员的加油频率、深加油比例、制动频率、深制动比例等数据,利用所建立的模糊推理规则判断出一个适应于当前驾驶员动态驾驶倾向的实时反应时间,然后对Berkeley算法进行修正,计算出车辆行驶所需要的安全车距,并在驾驶模拟器上进行了对比分析。经模拟实验验证,本方法所确定的15名驾驶员的理论平均反应时间为1.0000 s,方差为0.0417,而实际平均反应时间为1.0077 s,方差为0.0469,并且根据理论反应时间所确定的预警距离与根据实际反应时间所确定的预警距离比较接近。可见本方法能在一定程度上提高安全预警算法的准确性,能够充分考虑驾驶员的实时驾驶特性,降低预警系统的虚警率。     

年龄及分心对反应时间影响与安全车距分析

驾驶员反应时间受多种因素影响，存在模糊性与随机性，本文中对一些实验数据进行拟合归纳，得出分心驾驶条件及正常驾驶条件下反应时间的概率密度函数，使用模糊物元分析法确定了适应于各年龄人群的反应时间概率密度函数。在此基础上，根据车速及年龄条件，将反应时间进行归类划分和区间细化，分析了适宜于不同年龄、车速且在考虑分心驾驶状态下的安全车距，并研究了更符合实际行车状况的防碰撞安全车距模型。     

基于驾驶行为共性的回波速度解释及仿真

为了解释车流回波速度现象,提取出驾驶行为共性: 驾驶员利用与渴望车速对应的心理车头距判断前方的交通流状况;加速或减速行为是驾驶员根据前方车传递的交通信息和自己对此信息的时间和空间理解来进行的,并且以回波速度向后传递.利用数学方法描述这些驾驶共性,建立了以车头距和驾驶员反应时间等为参数的回波速度模型,解释了车流回波速度现象.使用MATLAB软件对回波速度模型编程,数值仿真加速与减速时回波速度曲线.仿真结果表明:驾驶员反应时间明显影响回波速度,在交通流由自由流转变为拥挤流时的临界车流密度(ρc=25.1 vehicle/km)处回波速度最大(cmax=19.8 km/h),其大小与相关文献提供的数据吻合.     

汽车与两轮车事故中驾驶员转向行为影响因素研究

为研究汽车与两轮车事故中驾驶员转向行为的影响因素,对172例汽车与两轮车真实案例进行统计分析,从中挑选出65例车辆具有驾驶转向行为的事故案例,并利用PC-CRASH对其进行事故再现仿真。运用Logistic回归模型对事故数据进行分析,得到驾驶员转向行为的显著性影响因素,最后利用拟合优度检验法和预测准确度检验法验证了模型的可靠性,置信度为95%时,模型的回判正确率为87.7%,具有良好的预测效果。结果表明:在车与两轮车事故中车流量、两者相对距离以及本车速度对驾驶员转向行为影响显著性较高,发生比依次为0.049、0.036、0.025,在车辆横向辅助驾驶系统开发及转向策略确定时应作为重点考虑因素,研究可为汽车自动驾驶、紧急转向系统等汽车主动安全技术的研发提供参考。     

车与两轮车事故中驾驶员转向行为影响因素研究

为研究车与两轮车事故中驾驶员转向行为的影响因素,本文对172例车与两轮车真实案例进行统计分析,从中挑选出65例车辆具有驾驶转向行为的事故案例,并利用PC-CRASH对其进行事故再现仿真。运用Logistic回归模型对事故数据进行分析,得到驾驶员转向行为的显著性影响因素,最后利用拟合优度检验法和预测准确度检验法验证了模型的可靠性,置信度为95%时,模型的回判正确率为87.7%,具有良好的预测效果。结果表明：在车与两轮车事故中车流量、两者相对距离以及本车速度对驾驶员转向行为影响显著性较高,发生比依次为0.049、0.036、0.025,在车辆横向辅助驾驶系统开发及转向策略确定时应作为重点考虑因素,本研究可为汽车自动驾驶、紧急转向系统等汽车主动安全技术的研发提供参考价值。     

面向行车预警的临界安全车距研究

已有的车距计算模型与实测数据存在差异,主要原因在于现有的计算模型对汽车的制动性能及诸如路面附着系数、驾驶员的操纵特性等影响因素存在一些模糊认识。本文对安全车距的内涵进一步解析,并对距离进行分项,详细论述了安全车距的具体涵义,提出了临界安全车距的理论计算方法,为行车预警中的车距预警提供理论研究基础。     

驾驶员视角和后视效应对交通流稳定性的影响分析

交通流跟驰模型是微观交通流仿真和交通安全评估的重要工具,在城市交通规划、交通运行宏观调控等方面广泛运用.传统交通流跟驰模型主要考虑车辆参数,对于驾驶员因素不够重视,本文将驾驶员视角引入全速度差(FVD)模型,研究基于FVD模型的扩展模型,结合驾驶员后视效应,利用线性稳定性分析扩展模型的交通流稳定性特点.通过将驾驶员视角用驾驶车辆体型参数进行数据量化,分析车辆体型参数对交通流稳定性的影响.仿真实验表明:本文研究的扩展模型在车距较小的情况下交通流稳定性要优于FVD模型;驾驶员对视角变化的敏感系数越高,整个交通流越稳定;驾驶员后视概率越高,交通流越稳定;对于大型车辆,车流高峰时期为其开辟专用车道能够提高该阶段交通流稳定性.     

基于纵向避撞时间的预警／制动算法

针对汽车纵向避撞系统的要求,提出了一种基于纵向避撞时间的纵向碰撞预警／避撞（FCW／FCA）算法。通过分析纵向避撞时间与驾驶员反应时间之间的关系,建立了前车不同行驶工况条件下的安全车距模型,并在3种不同行驶工况下,与 Berkeley 模型进行制动／预警距离的对比。研究结果表明：该算法确定的制动距离与 Berkeley 模型确定的距离相差很小,并且考虑了前车的运行工况;该算法还能够根据前车行驶工况的不同,确定出合理的预警距离。对比分析结果验证了该算法的有效性和可行性,能够提高车辆行驶的安全性。     

基于纵向避撞时间的预警/制动算法

针对汽车纵向避撞系统的要求,提出了一种基于纵向避撞时间的纵向碰撞预警/避撞(FCW/FCA)算法。通过分析纵向避撞时间与驾驶员反应时间之间的关系,建立了前车不同行驶工况条件下的安全车距模型,并在3种不同行驶工况下,与Berkeley模型进行制动/预警距离的对比。研究结果表明:该算法确定的制动距离与Berkeley模型确定的距离相差很小,并且考虑了前车的运行工况;该算法还能够根据前车行驶工况的不同,确定出合理的预警距离。对比分析结果验证了该算法的有效性和可行性,能够提高车辆行驶的安全性。     

基于BP神经网络的纵向避撞安全辅助算法

针对复杂人-车-路交通环境下汽车前向防碰撞预警系统(FCWS)在实际工程应用中存在虚警漏警、可接受性差等问题,为提高FCWS对驾驶群体行为差异的适应性,提出了驾驶员行为特性自适应学习的纵向避撞安全辅助算法,建立了基于BP神经网络的闭环驾驶跟驰习惯模型。该网络模型以跟车车距、前车减速度、前车速度、自车速度、环境亮度、路面附着系数、紧急制动次数、本次驾驶时间为输入,采用动量梯度下降自适应学习率方法对网络模型进行训练,进而预测出自车待制动减速度。引入聚类算法思想,对训练样本集进行特征聚类,进一步改善了BP网络的预测性能,设计了激进、谨慎、新手3类典型驾驶群体,通过制动深度、期望碰撞时间倒数、应急反应时间来表征驾驶群体性特征,在稳态跟车过程中对不同驾驶群体的行为特性进行学习,建立起非线性输入输出映射关系知识库,进而预测出相应群体的待制动行为,实现差异化预警,可有效降低虚警或预警不及时现象。仿真结果表明,改进后的BP网络减小了训练过程中陷入局部极小的可能性,提高了网络收敛速度以及预测精度,激进群体与新手群体待制动曲线下降的趋势相对更陡,激进群体跟车距离相对偏近,新手群体采取制动措施时所需相对车距相对偏远,以补偿较长的反应距离,从而验证了该理论模型对不同驾驶群体的适应性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-