燕尾形轴向槽道热管的蒸发冷凝传热特性

建立了燕尾形轴向槽道热管蒸发和冷凝薄液膜传热特性理论模型,并对模型进行了数值求解.对蒸发薄液膜区液膜厚度、接触面温度和热流密度分布进行了分析,给出了汽液接触面蒸发/冷凝传热系数沿轴向的变化.研究表明:在蒸发薄液膜区域,薄液膜厚度沿槽壁方向呈线性增加;汽液接触面的温度在起点几乎和壁面温度相同,随着薄液膜厚度的增加而迅速降低;在薄液膜的起始段,热流密度快速达到最大值,随即迅速减小.蒸发段的蒸发传热系数大于冷凝段的冷凝传热系数,蒸发/冷凝传热系数在整个绝热段并不都为零.同时,通过实验验证了模型的正确性.     

液氮在狭缝中热虹吸两相流传热的强化实验研究

狭缝中液体的沸腾换热是以变形的扁平汽泡为特点的，以微液膜蒸发为主导机理，热量通过扁平汽泡底部的液膜传给主流流体，试验结果表明：狭缝间隙尺寸对传热有直接影响，当间隙尺寸为０．５～１．０ｍｍ时，狭缝沸腾换热系数比光管增加３～５倍，达到人工烧结多孔表面管相当的水平；当狭缝通道中流型大部分转变为环状流时，传热效果达到最佳状态；对１／１０长度的狭缝通道起始段采用人工凹孔表面处理，使这种流型转变在较小热流密度下提前发生，换热系数进一步提高，传热温差进一步下降，随间隙减小，这种趋势尤为明显．     

狭缝流动沸腾强化传热机理的探讨

假定总热流密度来自对流和汽泡潜热两种成份的叠加,从理论上分析了狭缝通道中流动沸腾传热的机理,揭示了沸腾换热系数与通道尺寸之间的关系,从而证明了狭缝通道能强化传热,并以间隙为1mm和1．5mm的环形狭缝通道中流动沸腾传热的实验数据进行了检验。     

制冷工质R11池沸腾换热气泡行为的可视化研究

采用可视化实验技术对压力为0.1MPa的条件下、制冷工质R11池沸腾气泡行为进行了深入观察和分析．可视化实验结果表明，气泡底部微液层的蒸发对气泡的生长具有极其重要的作用．在气泡生长过程中，未发现气泡底部的微液层有液体补充．研究结果表明，随着壁面过热度的升高，气泡脱离直径与脱离时间减小，而气泡脱离频率升高．此外，通过对实验图像资料的分析，得到了气泡直径及气泡底部干斑直径随时间的变化曲线以及沸腾表面汽化核心密度随热流变化的关联式．基于实验结果，利用动态微液层模型对制冷工质R11的池沸腾曲线进行了预测，结果显示，预测值与实验值在高热流密度条件下符合较好．     

高热流密度下高度对微小间隙通道内流动沸腾特性的影响

实验研究了常压去离子水在不同高度的微小间隙通道内的流动沸腾特性．实验热流密度为0～206 W/cm²，质流密度为200～400 kg/(m²·s)，间隙为1 mm和2 mm．结果显示，随着实验条件的变化，通道内出现了泡状流、清扫流、搅拌流，且在清扫流早期观察到不稳定流动现象．此外，间隙高度降低促进了流型的过渡，加快了不稳定流动的进程．1 mm通道内核态沸腾起始点的热流密度低于2 mm通道，表明间隙高度的降低更有利于气泡在低热流密度下成核；1 mm通道的过冷沸腾传热系数最高为2 mm通道的1.7倍，2 mm通道内饱和沸腾传热系数略高于1 mm通道．表明低热流密度下过冷沸腾时小通道具有更好的传热性能，高热流密度下饱和沸腾时大通道的传热稍具优势，同时表明间隙高度造成的传热差异随热流密度增大先增大后变小；1 mm通道内临界热流密度为2 mm通道的83%，表明间隙高度的降低会使得临界热流密度降低．     

水平管内工质R152a的流动沸腾传热特性研究

采用直流电源加热不锈钢管的方式,设置热流密度为31～73 kW/m²,质量流速为248～460 kg/(m²·s),研究工质R152a于高蒸发温度为60～80℃时在水平管内的流动沸腾传热特性,并将实验结果与文献报道的3个传热关联式的预测值进行比较。结果表明：工质R152a的流动沸腾传热系数随着蒸发温度的升高而减小,随着干度的变化呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势,质量流速的变化对流动沸腾传热系数的影响较小;3个传热关联式的预测值与实验值的平均绝对偏差均偏大。     

狭窄环形通道内环状流动传热的计算

建立了环形通道内环状流的分相流模型,通过求解质量、动量及能量守恒方程,得到了液膜的厚度、膜内速度、温度的分布以及换热系数,结果表明：沸腾换热系数随着热流密度和质量流率的增加而增加,随着狭缝尺寸的增加而减小,与液氮在弦月形狭缝通道内沸腾实验数据相比,环形通道内环状流传热模型计算值仿小,平均偏差为29%,这是由于弦月形通道的特殊结构形式所致,也从一个方面说明弦月形通道具有强化换热的作用。     

液氮在狭缝通道内受迫流动沸腾换热的实验研究

对液氮在0．5－1．5mm狭缝通道内受迫流动沸腾换热的情况进行了研究,实验结果表明：液氮在弦月形猴缝通道中的受迫流动沸腾换热系数是传统大直径光管池沸腾的3－5倍,与热虹吸狭缝通道内沸腾传热相比,当热流密度高于10kW/m2时,受迫流动沸腾在换热温差和换热系数两方面有明显优势,液氮受迫流动沸腾换热系数随质量流速的增加而增加,随热流密度增加的趋势更为显著,狭缝间隙尺寸减少,换热效果增强,弦月形通道与环缝通道相比,在相同的条件下,弦月形通道显示更好的换热效果。     

两种电极作用下微细通道内的R141b流动沸腾传热

为研究电场作用下微细通道内流动沸腾传热特性,设计了两种电极布置方式将电场引入到微细通道中,选取制冷剂R141b作为工质,在设计系统压力140 kPa,工质入口温度305.65 K工况下,研究了电场对微细通道内制冷剂R141b流动沸腾传热的影响.结果表明:电场能够强化微细通道传热,针状电极作用下沸腾曲线明显左移,与针状电极不同,线状电极除0、250 V沸腾曲线基本重合外,其余沸腾曲线均明显左移,说明线状电极起强化作用的有效电压高于针状电极;饱和沸腾传热系数随热流密度的增大先增大后减小,随质量流密度的增大而增大,相对于无电场,在250、550、850 V的3种针状电极作用下饱和沸腾传热系数分别提高了39%、62%、77%,线状电极作用下提高了0%,50%,82%;低电压时,针状电极的强化传热因子大于线状电极的强化传热因子,高电压时则相反,在本实验工况下,针状电极下的强化传热因子最大为1.77,线状电极下的强化传热因子最大为1.82.     

喷雾冷却沸腾传热强化试验

随喷雾流量及过热度增加,热流密度增大,但热表面中心干涸区变大、液膜覆盖区减小,表面利用率降低,传热性能有提升空间。基于此,通过改变单喷嘴高度、设计微孔阵列喷嘴两种途径,探讨热表面液膜均匀性和喷雾冲击强度对传热的影响规律。结果表明单喷嘴高度存在最佳值(4 mm),此时热表面无干涸区,喷雾冷却沸腾传热性能最强;与喷嘴高度6 mm相比,在喷雾流量为50 mL/min、过热度为20 K时,热流密度提高了13%;微孔阵列喷嘴形成的液膜分布更均匀,使得表面温度也较均匀,当过热度大于10 K,微孔阵列喷雾传热性能更优,比上述工况下单喷嘴的热流密度提高16%。强烈冲击的均匀薄液膜是决定喷雾冷却沸腾传热的关键,为进一步强化喷雾冷却沸腾传热提供了可行的方向。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.