水平环缝内冷水自然对流换热过程的数值模拟

为了解水平环缝内冷水自然对流换热过程的基本规律,利用有限容积法进行了二维数值模拟,环缝外壁为0℃,内壁温度为1~10℃。结果表明,在计算范围内,内壁面的平均表面传热系数随环缝宽度的增大先减小、而后略有增大,随内壁半径的增大而单调减小;当温差小于4℃时,平均表面传热系数随温差的增大而增大,而超过4℃后,随温差的增大而减小。采用逐步线性回归方法,得到了内壁传热关联式。     

环缝式电磁搅拌法制备半固态浆料过程电磁场的数值模拟

建立了环缝式电磁搅拌法制备半固态金属浆料系统电磁场的计算模型,采用商用ANSYS软件对制浆系统内电磁场分布进行了数值模拟,分析了电流、频率、坩埚材质、冷却器材质和环缝宽度对磁感应强度的影响规律,并进行了相应的实验验证. 研究结果表明:电磁场模拟结果与实验结果具有较好地一致性,验证了计算模型与软件算法的可行性;系统电磁力主要分布于环缝内,提高了对合金熔体的搅拌强度;在相同的环缝宽度下,磁感应强度随频率的增大而依次减小,随电流的增大而依次增大;同时选用不锈钢坩埚与石墨冷却器可以使环缝内铝合金熔体的磁感应强度获得最大;相同电流和频率条件下,磁感应强度随着环缝宽度减小而逐渐增大;相同搅拌功率条件下,环缝式电磁搅拌法可以获得更加细小均匀的半固态组织,平均晶粒尺寸较普通电磁搅拌法减小31%.     

基于仿生结构对水平管降膜蒸发换热的模拟

水平管降膜蒸发器是广泛应用于海水淡化和化学工业等方面的换热设备。建立了三维数值模型,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法结合UDF(user defined function)程序对水平管外降膜蒸发过程的换热特性进行了数值模拟研究,深入研究了光管和强化管针对不同管间距、喷淋密度、蒸发温度和管径对液膜厚度以及平均传热系数的影响。模拟结果表明：在相同条件下,强化管的平均传热系数要明显高于光管,可见基于仿生学原理优化换热表面结构能有效提高水平管外降膜蒸发的换热效率。光管和强化管的平均传热系数随着蒸发温度的升高都呈上升趋势,随喷淋密度的增加呈先上升后减少的趋势。光管和强化管的平均换热系数随管间距的增大而增大,随喷淋密度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;换热管的平均传热系数随着蒸发温度升高而升高,随喷淋密度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

表面增强型强化管外蒸发换热特性实验研究

介绍了表面增强型蒸发强化管,并对氟利昂制冷工质R22在该管外的沸腾换热进行了实验研究．实验通过对4根不同管型的蒸发强化管进行对比,分析了不同管型参数对管外换热系数的影响．得出结论：4根强化管的总传热系数随流速变化的趋势有所不同;1^#管和3^#管的总传热系数在实验流速范围内相差不大;4^#管的总传热系数随流速的变化曲线最为平坦;2^#管是4根管子中总传热系数随流速变化最大的一根管子．     

竖直矩形细通道内的水沸腾换热特性

以宽度为1.0 mm和0.1 mm的竖直矩形细通道内的沸腾换热特性为研究对象,运用数值模拟的方法探索气泡生成、长大和脱离的过程,通过几何重构和界面追踪的方法获取相界面移动和变化对系统内压差以及平均表面换热系数的影响。计算中考虑重力、表面张力和壁面黏性的作用。研究结果表明:通道宽度的不同对气泡生长方式和气泡形态产生很大影响,且核态沸腾换热系数随着细通道宽度的减小而增大;表面张力在细通道沸腾换热过程中所起的作用明显增大,证明细通道有强化换热的作用;由于数值计算中进行了理想化假设,导致数值模拟的沸腾传热系数比现有细通道沸腾传热实验传热系数普遍偏高。     

水平圆管在大空间内自然对流换热的实验与数值分析

通过实验与数值计算相结合的方法,对大空间水平圆管的自然对流换热过程进行研究.实验得出圆管自然对流换热系数随管壁温度的升高而增大,并拟合了实验条件下的自然对流换热实验关联式.以Fluent为平台,对水平圆管在大空间内的自然对流换热进行数值分析.结果表明,自然对流换热强弱取决于圆管壁面与周围流体温差的大小,温差越大,自然对流流动发展越快,最大流速越大,圆管周围空气在温差产生的浮升力驱动下形成不断上升的气流.     

空心静叶蒸汽加热除湿传热特性的研究

针对空心静叶蒸汽加热除湿过程中加热蒸汽侧凝结换热、叶片固壁热传导以及主流蒸汽侧沸腾换热的传热特性,开展了平板蒸汽加热除湿实验和一维理论分析。研究了主流蒸汽马赫数和加热温差对传热特性的影响,并基于实验数据拟合了蒸汽加热除湿过程的综合传热系数关联式。研究结果表明,一维理论分析得到的综合传热系数与实验值偏差小于10%,可用于汽轮机空心静叶蒸汽加热除湿的方案设计中。主流蒸汽马赫数的增大有利于叶片外表面的水膜蒸发,从而增大主蒸汽侧的沸腾换热传热系数,马赫数为0.28、0.31时,主流蒸汽沸腾换热的热阻最大;马赫数为0.42时,固壁导热过程的热阻最大。主流马赫数是影响综合传热系数的主要因素,加热温差的影响很小,马赫数为0.42时的综合传热系数达到马赫数为0.28、0.31时的2倍左右。     

纵槽管降膜蒸发传热性能研究

降膜蒸发是一种高效传热方式,本文以水为实验工质对纵槽管降膜蒸发传热性能进行了实验研究。在热通量q=13.2-56.52kW/㎡,液体周边进料流量 =0.419-1.112kg/m.s,传热温差△T=2.02-9.87℃下测量纵槽管传热系数,并与相同操作条件下的光管传热系数进行比较。结果表明：纵槽管强化传热效果在一定范围内随着管内雷诺数增大而增大;在热通量相同时,纵槽管的传热温差仅为光管的51%;纵槽管管外冷凝传热系数为光管的1.77倍,总传热系数为光管的2.14倍,强化效果显著。     

R123在GY新型强化管外池沸腾的传热实验

为强化低温热能发电有机朗肯循环系统的传热过程,采用机械加工方法研发肋管表面似龙鳞状的新型三维外肋强化传热管即GY管。对工质R123在光管、GY管水平单管外池沸腾换热进行实验研究,在常压条件下(正常沸点为27.4℃)得到热流密度与沸腾换热系数、管内雷诺数与传热系数的关系模型。将光管管外沸腾换热系数的实验值和Cooper公式计算值进行比较可知其变化趋势一致,实验值与Cooper公式计算值的偏差小于12%;同时,得到GY管传热系数随管内雷诺数的变化规律。实验结果表明:当雷诺数在(4.9~11.5)×103范围内时,与光管比较,GY管的传热系数强化倍率为3.10~3.45。因此,GY管是一种具有优良管外沸腾换热性能的强化管,能有效强化有机工质的换热过程。     

铝卷径向等效导热系数的仿真

利用铝板退火加热实验采集到的温度,通过热传导反问题的求解,求得铝板间的等效导热系数,将其等效为铝卷径向导热系数,并推导出铝卷强对流传热系数对温度的数学表达式,从而构建更准确的铝卷退火的温度场模型.运用ANSYS有限元分析软件,综合考虑铝卷的导热系数和对流换热系数随温度变化的非线性,模拟铝卷退火过程中的瞬态温度场.仿真结果表明:在退火的开始阶段,铝卷外表面与芯部温差较大,最高达173 ℃;在保温阶段,铝卷内部温差逐渐减小,温差只有3 ℃,最后稳定在545 ℃,与实测结果较吻合,证明所建立的数学模型是可靠的,同时,为铝卷退火工艺的优化提供了理论依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.