高含钡锶离子采出水成垢趋势分析方法研究——以耿83区刘六增压站采出水为例

油田注水开发导致采出液的含水量逐年增加,部分区块采出液水体结垢导致集输管线堵塞等各种问题日益严重。根据耿83区高含钡锶离子的特点,分别采用常规水分析方法、原子吸收光谱法和等离子体原子发射光谱法测试采出水和注入水的水样离子组成成分、水样矿化度、水型等。实验结果表明,在高矿化度含多种阳离子的水溶液中,原子吸收光谱法测试结果更准确。采用原子吸收光谱法对该区块结垢特征系统分析,计算结垢理论值,得出主要为硫酸钡和硫酸锶垢型。将现场垢样通过能谱和扫描电镜分析,验证得到与水样分析出的垢体一致。该方法能准确判定出垢体和垢型,为进一步采取有效的防垢、清垢措施提供重要的依据。     

高含钡锶离子采出水成垢趋势分析方法研究

油田注水开发导致采出液的含水量逐年增加,部分区块采出液水体结垢导致集输管线堵塞等各种问题日益严重。根据耿83区高含钡锶离子的特点,分别采用常规水分析方法、原子吸收光谱法和等离子体原子发射光谱法测试采出水和注入水的水样离子组成成分、水样矿化度、水型等。实验结果表明,在高矿化度含多种阳离子的水溶液中,原子吸收光谱法测试结果更准确。采用原子吸收光谱法对该区块结垢特征系统分析,计算结垢理论值,得出主要为硫酸钡和硫酸锶垢型。将现场垢样通过能谱和扫描电镜分析,验证得到与水样分析出的垢体一致。该方法能准确判定出垢体和垢型,为进一步采取有效的防垢、清垢措施提供重要的依据。     

复配阻垢剂对碳酸钙阻垢效果及垢晶微观形貌影响

针对石南1631注水井结垢问题,以该注水井水样分析数据为基础,应用Scale-Chem结垢预测软件对该注水井的结垢类型进行了预测,得到该注水井的主要结垢类型为碳酸钙垢,并与现场垢样分析结果进行了对比。为了减缓结垢对注水的影响,选用五种阻垢剂对该注水井水样开展了阻垢效果研究。在阻垢剂单剂对注入水水样阻垢效果实验研究的基础上,将优选出的阻垢剂PESA与DTPMPA以2:1 复配,当阻垢剂浓度为80mg/L时,阻垢率达到90.26%。为明确复配阻垢剂的阻垢机理,对加入不同复配阻垢剂浓度前后形成的垢晶进行了扫描电镜分析与X-射线衍射分析,分析结果表明,复配阻垢剂对碳酸钙晶体的形貌与晶体粒径均有一定程度的影响,在实验所用复配阻垢剂浓度范围内,阻垢剂浓度越高,碳酸钙晶体的平均粒径越小;复配阻垢剂主要通过螯合增溶与晶格畸变,在碳酸钙垢的形成过程起到了抑制作用。     

水垢的电化学去除工艺与机理研究

详细研究了电子水处理过程中的阻垢及除垢过程.研究表明,对于硬度大于300 mg·L-1(以CaCO3计,下同)的高硬度水样,先用7 V的高电压进行阻垢处理,当其硬度降至130 mg·L-1以下后,改为5 V的低电压进行除垢处理.以此种方式运行,可用较低的能耗,在保证换热器表面无水垢析出的前提下去除水中超过90 %的成垢离子.扫描电镜图片显示,电子水处理技术对所形成水垢的晶型有一定的影响,未经过电子水处理形成的水垢呈现方解石晶型,而经过电子水处理形成的水垢呈现文石晶型.     

水垢成垢诱导期机理研究

为了研究水垢成垢诱导期间发生的物理化学过程,基于溶液中离子活度的平衡关系,质子平衡条件及质量守衡等关系建立了计算ＣａＣＯ３水溶液中９种成分的计算程序,导出了用单一电导测定精确确定溶液中全部９种成分随时间变化的技术。实验中采用计算机数据采集及数据处理的综合技术,同时使用摄像显微镜和原子力显微镜监测悬挂在溶液中金属板表面垢的沉积过程。研究清晰地表明,诱导期的起因是由于溶液中的成核机制;诱导期的存在又反     

CaCO3软垢的成因

依据实验观察和理论计算分析，研究了添加化学阻垢剂使水垢软化的物理机理、实验研究表明：方解石晶粒聚集时形成坚实的硬垢，球霰石聚集时形成松软的软垢；根据球霰石聚集形成的垢体结构，首次提出了球霰石问的聚集是软垢形成的主要机制．实验观察表明：添加阻垢剂有效地抑制了方解石晶核的生成几率，从而提升了球霰石在析出物中所占的比例，因而促成了水垢的软化、分子模拟研究和结构分析揭示，阻垢剂只能有效地抑制具有层状生长机制的晶面，即F平面的生长，而不能有效地抑止K晶面的生长，这为阻垢剂促成球霰石生成几率提高提供了理论根据．     

陕北油田X联合站复合清垢技术研究与应用

由于地形与成本制约,陕北油田X联合站接收多层系来液,不同层位地层水不相配伍导致联合站内管线结垢严重、阻垢困难、成本攀升等一系列问题,严重影响联合站的正常运转。本文通过对采出水进行水质分析与垢样的组成分析,进一步通过配伍性实验明确不同层位采出水配伍性、结垢物成分和结垢量,通过化学阻垢与模拟计算定点机械清垢相结合的复合式清垢工艺有针对性地解决了现场混层集输的实际问题。结果表明：不同层位采出液中CO32-、SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Ba2+、Sr2+成垢离子含量均较高,延8、延10层位与长2、长6层位地层不配伍并具有较强的结垢趋势;100mg/L的YS-1阻垢剂可有效改变晶体结构,使其不易黏附在管壁上,通过FLUENT软件模拟计算选择X联合站流速最慢、结垢物最易沉积管段安装清管器将松散的垢进行定期清除,解决了由于多层位采出液集输管线相遇的严重结垢而产生的频繁堵塞问题,在低成本、高效开发中、老油田具有广阔的应用前景。     

电磁抗垢强化传热技术的热态实验研究

在自行设计的电磁抗垢实验装置上,对热态工况下低频电磁抗垢(EAF)技术进行了实验考察。结果表明,在外加交变电磁场的情况下,总传热系数及污垢热阻发生了明显的变化,实验结束时污垢热阻下降了61%。不同的电磁场频率导致不同的抗垢效果,在本实验条件下,频率为700Hz时抗垢效果最佳。其他条件不变时,污垢热阻随着水质硬度的降低而减小,且不同流体硬度时污垢热阻的变化趋势均相同。对污垢晶体扫描电镜观察表明,经交变电磁场处理过的污垢晶体结构发生了明显的变化,由致密型易结垢的霰石变为松散型不易结垢的方解石,从而达到抗垢的目的,这一结论与冷态实验研究的结论一致。     

矿井水在循环冷却系统中的结垢规律

针对火力发电循环冷却水系统以矿井水为补充水引起的结垢问题,进行了结垢规律实验。以挂片沉积法模拟循环冷却水系统换热表面的结垢过程,采用重量法对所得的结垢产物进行分析,系统地考察了模拟矿井水中无机离子、温度、pH以及接触时间对结垢的影响,揭示了循环冷却水系统换热表面的结垢原理。实验结果表明：Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-的浓度增大对结垢量的增多有显著影响。同时,随着温度的上升、pH的提高、接触时间的增长,结垢量都有不同程度的增加。SO₄^2-浓度的增大会导致硬垢量增多。同时发现,SO₄^2-含量较低时,虽然Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度增大,但生成的硬垢量也减少。SO₄^2-含量是形成硬垢的主要因素。该实验为进一步防止结垢,有针对性地进行水质处理奠定了基础。     

高频法处理锅炉用水

北京钢铁公司运输部机务段在北京邮电学院、北京工业大学等单位的协作下,试制成功了一台高频处理水装置。经过较长时期的试用,在处理永定河水方面效果显著,基本能达到新垢不生,老垢脱落,解决了锅炉结垢问题,在处理自来水方面也有一定的效果。此种水处理设备尚处于试验阶段,对高频振荡器和高频电场的配合,电场的芯线与水的绝缘等问题还需进一步研究解决。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.