根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

为研究植物根系的力学效应,分别对土体、芦竹和狗牙根两种植物的根—土复合体试样进行直接剪切试验,对比无根土体与含根系土体的抗剪强度指标,评价其强度效应.结果表明:(1)根—土复合体的抗剪强度随垂直压力的增大而呈线性增大,表明其抗剪强度与剪切面上的法向压力成正比,且符合库仑定律;(2)根 土复合体的黏聚力显著大于无根土的黏聚力,而内摩擦角的变化不显著.根据芦竹和狗牙根两种植物的根—土复合体强度,在护坡效果方面,芦竹优于狗牙根.     

基于冻融循环试验的季冻区生态边坡稳定性影响研究

为研究季冻区生态边坡的稳定性，通过室内试验研究了冻融循环次数与含水率共同作用下素土及根-土复合体抗剪强度指标的变化规律。结果表明：在冻融循环作用下，初期素土及根-土复合体的黏聚力均有降低，而摩擦角均有增加，之后黏聚力及内摩擦角趋于稳定；随着含水率的提高，边坡的稳定性降低；随着冻融循环次数的增加，根系增强了滑裂面土体的抗剪强度，提高了根-土复合体边坡抵抗冻融循环作用的能力，增强了边坡的稳定性。研究结果可为季冻区生态固土护坡提供一定的理论依据。     

刺槐根土复合体抗剪强度试验

植被边坡的稳定性与其根土复合体的抗剪强度密切相关，其主要受根系作用与水分作用的影响。通过直剪试验和SWCC试验获取了含根量和含水率与抗剪强度及其指标的关系，推导出根土复合体的强度计算模型。结果表明：刺槐根系能显著增强土体抗剪强度，黏聚力随含根量的增加先增大后趋于平缓，内摩擦角随含根量的增加有所增大，但增长幅度较小；抗剪强度随含水率的增大迅速降低，黏聚力与内摩擦角变化趋势与抗剪强度一致，内摩擦角变化幅度较小；含根量与含水率对土体抗剪强度的影响均体现在黏聚力的变化上；将根土复合体视为含根非饱和土，推导出根土复合体强度计算模型，强度模型的计算值与试验实测值较为接近，对于根土复合体的强度计算有一定的参考价值。     

基于FLAC3D的寒旱环境植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性的影响

随着生态护坡技术的不断发展,植被根系固土护坡作用越来越受到重视。为研究寒旱环境的霸王植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性影响,同时减少试验成本和挖掘根系对环境的破坏,将根系简化为主根型,通过数值模拟根-土复合体直剪试验,获得与室内根-土复合体直剪试验基本吻合的抗剪强度参数,采用无限边坡理论模型,对不同分布形态根系穿过滑裂面的边坡进行稳定性影响分析。研究发现：不同垂直压力作用下,土体进入塑性剪切阶段时,素土剪切应力均小于根-土复合体;随根截面比增加,土体黏聚力增加幅值大于内摩擦角;当根截面比为0～0.88%时,根系穿过边坡潜在滑裂面时,边坡稳定系数增幅显著,但大于0.88%时,边坡稳定系数增幅较小。因此,在植物固坡工程设计中应找到最优根截面比,以满足寒旱环境边坡的稳定性要求。     

生态防护中植物根系的固坡性能研究

生态防护主要是利用植物根系来达到固坡和防护的目的,以植物根系分布特征和固坡机理分析为基础,通过土工直剪试验,系统研究了根-土复合体的抗剪强度,并分析了根系密度对的抗剪强度的影响.研究结果表明草本植物根系的90%集中分布在距地表0~30 cm的土层内;根-土复合体的抗剪性能与根系的抗拉强度和根的面积比率有关;而且随正应力的增大而增大,近似呈线性关系,较无根系土的黏聚力增加一倍多,根系对土体抗剪强度的提高主要是由黏聚力的增大来实现的;根系密度对根-土复合体抗剪强度有明显影响,根-土复合体抗剪强度增量与根系密度之间具有良好的二次多项式的相关关系.     

紫花苜蓿根系-砂土复合体力学特性

为探究紫花苜蓿根系对砂性土的增强作用,以黄土为基础土料,河砂为改性土料,将改性土料加入基础土料中,制备含砂质量百分比为0%,20%,40%,60%的紫花苜蓿根系-砂土复合体;通过根系拉伸试验,得到根系抗拉强度;通过直剪试验,得到不同含砂量和根系面积比(根系横截面积A_R与土体横截面积A的比值)的根土复合体抗剪强度参数;采用电子放大镜对紫花苜蓿根系、根土复合体及剪切后试样进行观察,分析根系与土体的结构和特征。结果表明：随着紫花苜蓿根径的增大,抗拉强度呈指数降低;随着含砂量的增加,根土复合体黏聚力呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着根系面积比的增加,根土复合体黏聚力逐渐增大;以根系抗拉强度和根系面积比的乘积为自变量,实测的抗剪强度增量为因变量,进行线性拟合得到K值,在含砂量为0%,20%,40%,60%下的K值分别为0.38,0.56,0.2,0.09;当根土复合体受到剪切力时,根系所受到的拉应力可转变为增强剪切面的摩擦力和抵抗土体变形的剪应力,提高了根土复合体抗剪强度。研究结果对矿山生态修复中的土体重构工作提供理论依据。     

不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

本文选取中国过渡带北侧山地土壤与莎草科植物(针薹草)开展植物根-土复合体抗剪强度试验研究,分析不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度增强作用以及抗剪强度指标变化规律。试验结果表明：相同法向应力下, 根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着方位角度的增大而逐渐增加,且当方位角θ=90°时即垂直布根时,根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度达到最大;根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着径级的增加而逐渐增大;随着根系方位角的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力逐渐增大;相同方位角时,随着根系径级的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力亦逐渐增大;根-土复合体内摩擦角与根系径级和方位影响不大且规律性不明显。     

三叶草根—土复合体抗剪切强度试验研究

本文以三叶草为样本,研究其含根量分别为0.0 g/60 cm3、0.1 g/60 cm3、0.3 g/60 cm3、0.5 g/60 cm3、0.7 g/60 cm3和1.0 g/60 cm3的根—土复合体抗剪切强度,试验中对三叶草根-土复合体进行了法向应力分别为100 kPa、200 kPa、300 kPa及400 kPa下的抗剪强度。结果表明:三叶草根系增加了土体的抗剪强度;根—土复合体在同一含根量下,其抗剪强度均随着法向应力的增加而增加;在同一法向应力下,随着含根量的增大,根—土复合体的抗剪强度、粘聚力和内摩擦角均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,均在含根量为0.5 g/60 cm3时出现最大值。三叶草含根量为0.5-0.7 g/60 cm3时护坡效果最好。     

复合加筋土的强度与应力应变特性研究

为了探索土工格室与水平向土工合成材料联合加筋作用下土的应力变形及强度特性,本文采用理论分析和三轴试验相结合的方法,对此展开研究。首先推导得到了考虑筋材强度发挥和筋土比例的涤纶布-环状刚塑带加筋黄土的强度表达式,然后对加筋土三轴试验结果进行了分析。研究表明,用复合加筋形式,被约束土体的黏聚力有很大的提高,如果环内填土含有草根,则形成二次加筋作用,当草根比较柔软时,加筋后复合体的黏聚力有很大提高,当根比较坚硬,加筋复合体的黏聚力和内摩擦角皆有很大提高。将计算得到的偏应力与小主应力关系曲线与试验曲线进行比较,发现理论计算曲线与试验曲线吻合好,其最大误差在7.6%以内,同时表明环向筋强度的发挥在3%～15%,水平筋强度的发挥为100%。分析了加筋土的应力应变曲线,发现随着轴向变形的增加,加筋土的应力持续增长,未出现应力降低拐点,再次证明联合加筋材料未达到破坏状态.最后本文对强度指标进行分析,发现组合加筋情况下,黏聚力增加了1.569～5.054倍,而单独水平向加筋时,黏聚力增加了0.260～3.019倍,单独环向加筋时,黏聚力提高了0.732～3.417倍;复合加筋与单独加筋情况下,加筋后土内...     

植被混凝土基材2中草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度与根系分形特征研究

植物根系的固土效应是目前水土保持领域研究的热点问题.通过种植狗牙根和紫花苜蓿2种草本植物,现场取根样分析了根系的分形特征,并进行了直剪试验.试验结果表明：根系对植被混凝土抗剪强度有增强作用,并且根-土复合体抗剪强度的增幅与根系分形特征存在显著的关系,即根-土复合体抗剪强度增幅随根系分形维数增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-