生态防护中植物根系的固坡性能研究

生态防护主要是利用植物根系来达到固坡和防护的目的,以植物根系分布特征和固坡机理分析为基础,通过土工直剪试验,系统研究了根-土复合体的抗剪强度,并分析了根系密度对的抗剪强度的影响.研究结果表明草本植物根系的90%集中分布在距地表0~30 cm的土层内;根-土复合体的抗剪性能与根系的抗拉强度和根的面积比率有关;而且随正应力的增大而增大,近似呈线性关系,较无根系土的黏聚力增加一倍多,根系对土体抗剪强度的提高主要是由黏聚力的增大来实现的;根系密度对根-土复合体抗剪强度有明显影响,根-土复合体抗剪强度增量与根系密度之间具有良好的二次多项式的相关关系.     

堆体边坡根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

经生态修复的堆体边坡多位于城镇生态涵养带和水源保护区,在降雨侵蚀作用下坡体浅层失稳现象严重,不同类型植被根系对土体强度指标影响的定量化是亟待解决的问题之一。以伊洛河流域粉黏土堆体边坡为例,量测单位样方内狗牙根及沙棘的植株高度、植株密度,调查土层深度20~30 cm、直径0.0~1.0 mm的狗牙根根系,调查深度40~50 cm、直径1.0~2.0 mm的沙棘根系,测量整理根长量、根体积、根系密度,确定加入土体中的根系直径及重量,测取各覆被条件下土样常规物理力学指标,采用GDS三轴试验仪对重塑根土试样开展一系列不固结不排水三轴试验,分析试样破坏荷载、根系强度影响系数、抗剪强度指标增长率。试验结果显示:相同围压下各根土复合试样破坏荷载均大于素土试样破坏荷载,狗牙根土试样、沙棘根土试样、狗牙根沙棘根土试样的破坏荷载约是素土试样破坏荷载的倍数依次为1.29~1.35倍、4.52~4.79倍、4.68~4.95倍;狗牙根根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而减小,而含有沙棘根系试样的根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而增大;含根系土试样的抗剪强度包络线均位于素土试样抗剪强度包络线上方,狗牙根根系对土体抗剪强度指标的改善主要体现在黏聚力上,而含沙棘根系土试样的黏聚力与内摩擦角均有相对更大幅度的提高;狗牙根土试样黏聚力增长率为35.63%、内摩擦角增长率为16.24%,沙棘根土试样黏聚力增长率为219.13%、内摩擦角增长率为254.02%,狗牙根沙棘混合土试样黏聚力增长率为224.88%、内摩擦角增长率为261.64%。不同类型根系对土体强度的贡献值是不同的,沙棘根系大于狗牙根根系。     

刺槐根土复合体抗剪强度试验

植被边坡的稳定性与其根土复合体的抗剪强度密切相关，其主要受根系作用与水分作用的影响。通过直剪试验和SWCC试验获取了含根量和含水率与抗剪强度及其指标的关系，推导出根土复合体的强度计算模型。结果表明：刺槐根系能显著增强土体抗剪强度，黏聚力随含根量的增加先增大后趋于平缓，内摩擦角随含根量的增加有所增大，但增长幅度较小；抗剪强度随含水率的增大迅速降低，黏聚力与内摩擦角变化趋势与抗剪强度一致，内摩擦角变化幅度较小；含根量与含水率对土体抗剪强度的影响均体现在黏聚力的变化上；将根土复合体视为含根非饱和土，推导出根土复合体强度计算模型，强度模型的计算值与试验实测值较为接近，对于根土复合体的强度计算有一定的参考价值。     

根系特征参数对土体强度影响的试验研究

为了明确狗牙根根系对边坡土体强度的影响,沿土体深度方向向下分段测量根表面积指数(RAI)、根系横截面积比(RAR),应用张力监测计获取各分段土体吸力,运用应变控制式直剪试验获取各RAR下土体抗剪强度指标。结果显示:狗牙根根系特征参数随土层深度增大呈指数型递减,RAI与RAR正相关;土体吸力与RAI正相关,当RAI0.029时土体吸力增量几乎为零;当RAR0.022‰时土体抗剪强度指标增量接近于0,存在最优RAR=0.810‰使土体具有最高黏聚力。这说明狗牙根根系对土体强度的提高存在阈值(RAI≥0.029、RAR≥0.022‰),当RAI0.029时狗牙根根系对土体吸力的提高可以忽略,当RAR0.022‰时狗牙根根系对土体抗剪强度指标的提高也可以忽略;当RAR0.810‰时土体黏聚力降低,说明狗牙根根系对土体强度的提高是有限的。     

植被混凝土基材2中草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度与根系分形特征研究

植物根系的固土效应是目前水土保持领域研究的热点问题.通过种植狗牙根和紫花苜蓿2种草本植物,现场取根样分析了根系的分形特征,并进行了直剪试验.试验结果表明：根系对植被混凝土抗剪强度有增强作用,并且根-土复合体抗剪强度的增幅与根系分形特征存在显著的关系,即根-土复合体抗剪强度增幅随根系分形维数增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势.     

不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

本文选取中国过渡带北侧山地土壤与莎草科植物(针薹草)开展植物根-土复合体抗剪强度试验研究,分析不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度增强作用以及抗剪强度指标变化规律。试验结果表明：相同法向应力下, 根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着方位角度的增大而逐渐增加,且当方位角θ=90°时即垂直布根时,根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度达到最大;根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着径级的增加而逐渐增大;随着根系方位角的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力逐渐增大;相同方位角时,随着根系径级的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力亦逐渐增大;根-土复合体内摩擦角与根系径级和方位影响不大且规律性不明显。     

基于FLAC3D的寒旱环境植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性的影响

随着生态护坡技术的不断发展,植被根系固土护坡作用越来越受到重视。为研究寒旱环境的霸王植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性影响,同时减少试验成本和挖掘根系对环境的破坏,将根系简化为主根型,通过数值模拟根-土复合体直剪试验,获得与室内根-土复合体直剪试验基本吻合的抗剪强度参数,采用无限边坡理论模型,对不同分布形态根系穿过滑裂面的边坡进行稳定性影响分析。研究发现：不同垂直压力作用下,土体进入塑性剪切阶段时,素土剪切应力均小于根-土复合体;随根截面比增加,土体黏聚力增加幅值大于内摩擦角;当根截面比为0～0.88%时,根系穿过边坡潜在滑裂面时,边坡稳定系数增幅显著,但大于0.88%时,边坡稳定系数增幅较小。因此,在植物固坡工程设计中应找到最优根截面比,以满足寒旱环境边坡的稳定性要求。     

紫色土耕地埂坎2种典型根——土复合体抗剪强度特征

选择紫色土耕地典型埂坎采样进行直剪试验,测试了黄豆根—土复合体、杂草根—土复合体和素土的抗剪强度,根据Mohr-Coulomb公式计算了黏聚力和内摩擦角.结果表明:试样剪切位移相同时,剪应力随轴向荷载增加均呈非线性增大.轴向荷载相同时,黄豆根—土复合体、杂草根—土复合体和素土剪应力峰值均随深度增加而减小.剪切位移为0~6mm时,2种根—土复合体和素土试样剪应力随剪切位移的增加而增加,剪切位移为6~10mm时,剪应力基本保持稳定.与素土相比,黄豆和杂草根系能明显提高0~10cm和10~20cm层紫色土极限抗剪强度,相对而言,杂草根系较发达且扰动小,固结土壤效果更好.20~30cm层黄豆、杂草2种根—土复合体中根系含量少,极限抗剪强度与素土间均无显著性差异.黄豆、杂草根—土复合体试样残余抗剪强度在4种轴向荷载下均随深度的增加而减小.轴向荷载为100k Pa和200k Pa时,素土试样残余抗剪强度从0~10cm到10~20cm层明显减小,而10~20cm与20~30cm层间差异不大,轴向荷载为300k Pa和400k Pa时,残余抗剪强度值随深度的增加而减小.     

基于含水量和干密度影响的压实土抗剪强度试验

为准确评价填土强度,对某高填方机场不同深度、不同方位原状土,不同土石比、不同压实度、不同含水量的重塑土进行直剪试验,建立考虑含水量和干密度共同影响的填土强度公式.结果表明:随着含水量的增加,土体抗剪强度降低,黏聚力和内摩擦角均下降,且含水量对黏聚力的影响比内摩擦角大;土体抗剪强度受含水量和干密度共同影响.原状土剪切方位不变时,随着深度的增加黏聚力先增大,之后基本保持不变或略微减小.含水量不变时,黏聚力随着剪切方位角度的增大而增大,内摩擦角相对黏聚力变化不大.重塑土在不同含水量状态下,干密度不同时抗剪强度指标变化差异较大,土石比为4∶6的土样抗剪强度略低于2∶8的土样.     

三叶草根—土复合体抗剪切强度试验研究

本文以三叶草为样本,研究其含根量分别为0.0 g/60 cm3、0.1 g/60 cm3、0.3 g/60 cm3、0.5 g/60 cm3、0.7 g/60 cm3和1.0 g/60 cm3的根—土复合体抗剪切强度,试验中对三叶草根-土复合体进行了法向应力分别为100 kPa、200 kPa、300 kPa及400 kPa下的抗剪强度。结果表明:三叶草根系增加了土体的抗剪强度;根—土复合体在同一含根量下,其抗剪强度均随着法向应力的增加而增加;在同一法向应力下,随着含根量的增大,根—土复合体的抗剪强度、粘聚力和内摩擦角均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,均在含根量为0.5 g/60 cm3时出现最大值。三叶草含根量为0.5-0.7 g/60 cm3时护坡效果最好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the