FCC汽油中硫分布和催化脱硫研究

对胜利石油化工总厂的FCC汽油中的硫含量、硫分布及硫化物的种类进行了分析。该汽油中的硫含量高,且90％的硫都集中在占65％的100℃以上的汽油馏分中。采用配有PFPD检测器的色谱分析了100℃以上的汽油馏分中硫化物的种类,结果表明,近90％的硫化物都是噻吩类化合物。对不同的汽油脱硫方法进行了分析,提出了汽油催化裂化脱硫全新方法,并开发出了具有显著脱硫效果的脱硫催化剂。     

催化裂化液体产品中硫化物的形态分析

应用气相色谱–脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC–PFPD)对俄罗斯原油常压渣油进行催化裂化反应后,所得液相产物中的含硫化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明:所含硫化物以噻吩类、苯并噻吩类、二苯并噻吩类为主。采用不同的平均校正因子对催化汽油和柴油馏分中的总硫及主要硫化物含量进行分析。考察了催化裂化反应中剂油比及温度对催化汽油和柴油中总硫及主要硫化物含量的影响。     

汽油催化裂化脱硫催化剂的研究

采用微反和流化床评价装置对汽油催化裂化脱硫催化剂的性能及其对汽油性质的影响进行了研究 ,提出了汽油催化裂化脱硫的技术路线。研究结果表明 ,这种催化剂具有非常高的裂化脱硫活性和硫化物裂化选择性 ,在保证汽油较少裂化的情况下 ,可脱除 5 0 %以上的硫化物。此外 ,汽油经裂化脱硫后 ,烯烃含量降低 ,异构烷烃和芳烃含量增加 ,汽油的辛烷值增加 1.2以上     

柴油深度加氢脱硫过程中硫化物转化规律的研究

采用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度计检测器(GC-PFPD)对催化柴油中的硫化物及其形态分布进行了分析,发现催化柴油中硫化物的类型主要为苯并噻吩类(BTs)和二苯并噻吩类(DBTs)。研究表明,苯并噻吩类硫化物比较容易被脱除,而当催化柴油中总硫含量在500×10-6时其主要硫化物形态为二苯并噻吩类;不同烷基取代的DBTs的加氢脱硫(HDS)转化率不同,其被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为:C1DBT→C2DBT→C3DBT;而单个硫化物被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为:DBT→4-MDBT→2,4,6-TMDBT→4,6-DMDBT。实验发现,加氢柴油中的硫化氢可以被氧化成元素硫,从而影响总硫分析结果。采用GC-PFPD可以有效地对最低硫含量在(5~20)×10-6的超低硫柴油中硫化物以及元素硫进行分析鉴定,为加氢催化剂和加氢工艺的筛选提供必要的依据。     

柴油深度加氢脱硫过程中硫化物转化规律的研究

采用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度计检测器(GC-PFPD)对催化柴油中的硫化物及其形态分布进行了分析,发现催化柴油中硫化物的类型主要为苯并噻吩类(BTs)和二苯并噻吩类(DBTs).研究表明,苯并噻吩类硫化物比较容易被脱除,而当催化柴油中总硫含量在500×10-6时其主要硫化物形态为二苯并噻吩类;不同烷基取代的DBTs的加氢脱硫(HDS)转化率不同,其被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为C1DBT→C2DBT→C3DBT;而单个硫化物被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为DBT→4-MDBT→2,4,6-TMDBT→4,6-DMDBT.实验发现,加氢柴油中的硫化氢可以被氧化成元素硫,从而影响总硫分析结果.采用GC-PFPD可以有效地对最低硫含量在(5～20)×10-6的超低硫柴油中硫化物以及元素硫进行分析鉴定,为加氢催化剂和加氢工艺的筛选提供必要的依据.     

气相色谱-冲火焰光度法分析催化裂化汽油中的硫化物

对采自中国石油大学胜华炼油厂的催化裂化主精馏塔的催化裂化（FCC）粗汽油进行了实沸点切割,采用气相色谱-脉冲式火焰发光检测器（GC-PFPD）联用技术和外标法定量测定了各窄馏分的硫含量和硫化物类型分布,并与微库仑法和X荧光法进行了对比。研究结果表明脉冲火焰光度（PFPD）检测器具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,在测量范围内对不同硫化物的响应具有很好的线性和一致性,同时定性简单、定量准确,是分析汽油中总硫含量的理想检测器;FCC汽油中的硫含量在（110～160）℃馏程范围内含量最高（大干1500μg／mL）;主要的硫化物为二硫化碳、噻吩、2-甲基噻吩、四氢噻吩、2,4-二甲基噻吩、2,3-二甲基噻吩、3,4-二甲基噻吩、C3-噻吩、C4-噻吩,以噻吩类尤其是二甲基噻吩含量最高。     

FCC汽油脱硫技术的研究进展

随着环保法规的日益严格,对汽油的质量要求越来越高,降低汽油硫含量是改善空气质量的有效手段.脱硫技术已经成为各炼油企业的关键技术.汽油中的硫化合物主要来自FCC(流体催化裂化)汽油,因此FCC汽油脱硫技术的研究与开发具有重要意义.目前,减少FCC汽油硫含量的技术主要有:催化裂化脱硫;催化加氢脱硫;生物脱硫;溶剂萃取脱硫;光、等离子体脱硫;氧化脱硫和吸附脱硫等.笔者综述了国内外FCC汽油脱硫技术进展.     

硫化催化裂化(FCC)汽油吸附脱硫工艺的研究进展

硫化催化裂化（FCC）汽油吸附脱硫工艺是一种将FCC汽油中的硫吸附脱离出来，从而降低其硫含量的技术．目前，全球污染最严重的十大城市的主要污染源都是汽车尾气，汽车尾气造成的城市大气污染问题日趋严重．同时，就资源来说，世界上硫含量大于0.5％的原油占原油总量的75％以上．在这样的情况下，生产硫含量低的清洁油品，从源头解决汽车尾气污染显得尤为重要，而吸附脱硫法是FCC汽油脱硫工艺中成本较低的一种很有前景的生产清洁油品的技术．笔者总结前人的成果，简要介绍了几种吸附脱硫工艺的工作流程及其优缺点，并借此说明了FCC汽油吸附脱硫工艺的研究进展和应用的可能性．     

催化裂化汽油脱硫添加剂的研究进展

在流化催化裂化汽油中,硫主要是以噻吩类化合物的形式存在,由于噻吩具有类似于芳环的共轭结构,因此流化催化裂化汽油中的硫较难裂化脱除。介绍了在流化催化裂化条件下噻吩类化合物的裂化脱硫机理和国外开发的ZnO/Al2O3,TiO2/Al2O3,Mg(Al)O尖晶石体系和含钒体系的脱硫情况。ZnO/Al2O3和TiO2/Al2O3添加剂体系的脱硫率最高可达30%,含钒体系的脱硫率最高可达63%,但绝对脱硫量都在250μg/g以下。研制的新型脱硫添加剂可使高硫汽油的硫含量降低32.63%,绝对脱硫量达410.56μg/g。     

FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂

介绍了研制的FCC汽油加氢催化剂GFH-1/GFH-2.以大庆未脱硫醇FCC汽油为原料,经脱臭处理,然后切割为轻、重2个馏分,重馏分加氢产物与轻馏分混合后产品硫含量小于25.0μg/g,辛烷值损失不到1.3个单位,达到国Ⅳ汽油标准,研发的催化剂对FCC汽油加氢脱硫表现出良好的反应活性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to