纵向涡强化通道内换热的数值研究及机理分析

用三维数值模拟方法研究了纵向涡发生器用于层流矩形通道的流动换热特征.研究了Re(为800~3 000)、涡发生器的冲角(分别为15°、30°、45°、60°、90°)、纵向涡发生器的形状对通道平均Nu和平均阻力系数的影响,并利用场协同原理进行了分析.结果发现:纵向涡发生器产生的二次流使全场速度和温度梯度之间的平均夹角减小,换热得到强化;纵向涡能改善包括涡发生器附近区域以及下游广阔区域的场协同性,而横向涡只可以改善涡发生器附近区域的场协同性,所以纵向涡可以强化整体换热,而横向涡只可以强化局部换热;对于光通道,协同角随Re增大而增大,但对于有纵向涡发生器的通道,协同角随着Re增大而减小.同时,在面积相同的条件下三角形小翼优于矩形小翼.     

换热场协同理论的数值模拟

场协同理论把对流换热比拟为有内热源的导热问题 ,认为对流换热的强化不仅取决于流体的流动和流体的物性 ,还取决于流场与温度场的协同关系。该文在场协同理论指导下进行了强化换热的机理探讨 ,利用数值分析的方法 ,从分析流场与温度场的协同配合关系入手 ,研究等壁温和等热流两种边界条件下两无限大平板间流动的换热特点。研究结果表明 ,在两无限大平板通道的流动换热特性和流场与温度场的协同状况有密切关系 ,并揭示了在该流动中影响换热的主要当量源。有针对性提出强化换热的方向。场协同理论为强化换热技术的发展提供了理论依据     

纵向涡强化换热的数值研究及场协同原理分析

用三维数值模拟的方法研究了纵向涡发生器用于管-翅表面的流动换热特征.计算了Re(为800~2 000)、三角形小翼型涡发生器的冲角(分别为30°和45°)对管-翅表面平均Nu、压降的影响,并利用场协同原理进行了分析.结果发现纵向涡强化管-翅表面换热的内在机理可以用场协同原理进行解释,即纵向涡发生器使全场速度和温度梯度之间的平均夹角减小.另外计算还发现:三角形小翼对顺排换热器的强化换热效果好于对叉排换热器的强化;冲角为45°的三角形小翼强化换热效果好于冲角为30°的三角形小翼;冲角为45°的三角形小翼导致空气压降提高,而冲角为30°的三角形小翼则可使压降有所减小.无论传热管是叉排还是顺排,冲角为30°的三角形小翼比冲角为45°的三角形小翼在消耗单位泵功条件下带来的强化换热效果更大.     

纵向涡强化片式散热器换热性能的数值分析

为提高油浸式变压器用片式散热器的综合换热性能,在散热器空气侧安装新型六边形翼涡流发生器,通过数值模拟研究涡流发生器的纵向间距、攻角以及形状对片式散热器换热性能的影响,并运用场协同原理从速度场和温度场相协同的角度阐述纵向涡强化换热的机理。结果表明：同等面积下六边形翼的阻力因子较矩形翼有所增大,但其努塞尔数的提高更加显著;当六边形翼C涡流发生器布置间距为60 mm、攻角45°时,速度矢量与热流矢量间的夹角最小,速度场和温度梯度场协同性最好,散热器综合换热性能最佳,比普通片式散热器的综合换热性能提高26.52%。     

纵向涡强化竖直平板自然对流换热的数值模拟

利用纵向涡发生器强化换热是一种有效的无源强化方式.文中运用PHEONICS计算软件对纵向涡发生器强化竖直平板自然对流换热进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.在此基础上,对纵向涡发生器的几何因素及在竖直平板上的布置方式进行了模拟研究.结果表明:采取多排布置时,纵向间距d1会影响换热,当d1为35mm时平均换热系数达到一个最大值;在其它几何条件相同的情况下,错列布置方式的整体换热效果优于顺列布置的情况;对于底边为20mm的纵向涡发生器采取错列布置时,换热效果是翼高和横向间距d2两种因素的叠加,最佳翼高和横向间距分别是20和90mm.     

矩形通道中涡流发生器换热性能的实验研究与模拟

通过换热实验和CFD模拟,在Re=150~1,200范围内对布置有斜截式半椭圆柱型涡流发生器的矩形换热通道内的流动和换热特性进行研究,并对其强化换热机理进行了分析.结果表明,布置有涡流发生器的换热通道较光滑通道Nu增加,压降增大,并且强化效果随Re增大而增强.在涡流发生器布置处产生了纵向涡,使截面涡量值大幅增加,从而强化了换热过程.     

涡旋核心分布对斜置肋片蒸汽冷却通道换热特性的影响

数值计算了宽高比为2∶1,雷诺数为1×104~6×104,肋角度分别为30°、60°、90°时蒸汽冷却带肋通道,采用流场涡旋核心显示技术分析了各肋角度下带肋通道涡旋的产生、演变过程、形态变化以及分布规律,研究了涡旋分布规律对通道换热系数的影响。结果表明:肋角度对带肋通道涡旋形态和分布规律有较大影响,90°通道主要由横向涡组成,30°、60°通道主要由纵向涡和主涡组成;纵向涡的换热特性比横向涡更好,30°、60°通道平均换热系数比90°通道高;30°通道纵向涡的分支以及流体的黏性耗散会导致纵向涡涡旋强度和尺度减小、纵向涡的换热性能削弱,这使得30°通道平均换热系数比未发生纵向涡分支的60°通道低;相对于边界层的距离、涡旋半径,涡旋强度、涡旋核心是影响涡旋强化换热的更重要的参数。该结果可为主动控制带肋通道涡旋强化换热研究提供参考。     

建筑内自然对流对射流的影响研究

当射流出口速度较小或室内自然对流强度较大时,室内自然对流对射流特性产生重要影响。采用数值模拟方法,研究了建筑内左右壁面为定壁温边界条件下的自然对流与射流共存时的速度场和温度场。根据数值计算结果,分析了自然对流对射流特性的影响及其影响因素。这为工程设计中预测自然对流对室内气流射流的作用及合理设计室内气流组织提供了依据。     

环形内肋片圆管层流脉冲流动强化对流换热数值分析

为了解环形内肋片圆管中脉冲流动强化对流换热的机理,该文对这一现象进行了数值研究。数值计算结果表明:与具有相同Rem时的稳定流动相比,脉冲流动可使对流换热强化一倍以上,其强化效果与振荡频率、肋片高度和肋片间距有关;最佳量纲1振荡频率在400到1000之间,并随着Rem的增大而增加;对流换热强化的原因在于脉冲流动使由肋片引起的涡旋更加激烈,速度场和温度梯度场之间的协同性更好。     

截面形状对螺旋通道湍流流动及场协同的影响

为探明截面形状对螺旋通道湍流流动的影响,采用有限体积法和RNG k-ε湍流模型数值研究了圆形、半圆形、矩形、正方形、梯形和三角形共6种截面面积相等而形状不同的螺旋通道内流体湍流流动特性。在螺旋半径、螺距、螺旋线长度相同的条件下,以常温水为工质,研究截面形状和进口速度对螺旋通道的流动阻力、速度场及涡量的影响,并根据多场协同原理分析速度场和压力场的协同关系。结果表明:圆形截面螺旋通道流动阻力损失最小,而三角形截面螺旋通道流动阻力损失最大;流体在螺旋通道内湍流流动会产生垂直于主流方向的二次流,矩形截面螺旋通道发现四涡结构的二次流,其余截面螺旋通道为二涡结构的二次流;三角形截面螺旋通道涡量值最大,协同角θ也最大,而圆形截面螺旋通道涡量值最小,协同角θ也最小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.