圆柱直齿轮铣削加工无干涉刀具路径规划

针对圆柱直齿轮的多轴铣削精加工, 提出一种无干涉刀具路径规划方法. 首先,建立齿轮包络铣削运动模型,准确描述铣刀和工件之间的运动关系;其次,在齿轮齿廓精确模型描述的基础上,通过残留高度曲线与刀具圆弧的求交,计算出残留高度点;根据残留高度点到刀具圆弧中心之间的距离等于刀具半径,计算出刀具路径曲线上的下一刀位点;依次递推计算出等残留高度进给下的所有刀位点;再次,以等残留高度刀位点计算结果为基础,残留高度约束下,计算出等弧长进给和等径向进给的刀位点;然后,通过距离法判断刀具与工件是否存在全局干涉,给出刀具不同刀位点对应的刀偏角,局部干涉通过调整刀具半径来避免;最后,通过仿真计算实例验证所提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于包络面的网格曲面等残留高度路径规划

研究面向三角网格曲面数控加工的刀具路径设计，提出了一种基于刀具包络面的等残留高度刀具路径生成算法.该算法首先建立刀具运动刃口回转面的包络面方程，然后通过相邻轨迹刀具包络面求交得到残留曲线，并利用全局搜索和局部搜索两个步骤精确地计算残留高度值，据此判断当前刀位点是否满足等残留条件，若不满足则沿行距方向搜索等残留刀位点，最后进行加工干涉检查和处理.算例分析的结果表明，由本文的算法生成的刀具路径残留高度均匀，刀轨长度较短，无加工干涉，在保证加工精度的前提下，能够有效地提高加工效率.     

螺杆转子5轴旋风式铣削的刀轨规划研究

根据螺杆转子的形素信息特征 ,提出了螺杆转子 5轴卧式数控旋风式铣削加工的新技术。研究了铣削加工刀具轨迹规划中的走刀步长、走刀步距和刀具姿态等参数以及转子螺旋曲面的几何特征以及螺杆转子的 5轴旋风式数控机床铣削原理等问题。此旋风式铣削技术是在走刀过程中实时地改变刀具的轴心线绕切触点工件曲面外法线向量转动的角度 ,即调整 5轴卧式数控机床沿第四、第五轴方向转动的角度来实施铣削加工。螺杆钻具转子表面是一种基本几何特征仅取决于其生成母线的特殊三维空间曲面 ,其端面截形的成形精度是决定螺旋曲面加工质量的主要因素。实际试样切削表明 ,5轴旋风式铣削技术是复杂螺旋曲面快速、高效、精确制造的一种可行技术 ,其成形精度高。在相同表面粗糙度要求的条件下 ,相对于普通 3轴数控机床 ,可使刀具切削行程减少 8.5 %～ 12 .0 % ,加工时间缩短 10 %～ 15 %。     

螺杆转子5轴旋风式铣削的刀轨规划研究

根据螺杆转子的形素信息特征，提出了螺杆转子5轴卧式数控旋风式铣削加工的新技术。研究了铣削加工刀具轨迹规划中的走刀步长、走刀步距和刀具姿态等参数以及转子螺旋曲面的几何特征以及螺杆转子的5轴旋风式数控机床铣削原理等问题。此旋风式铣削技术是在走刀过程中实时地改变刀具的轴心线绕切触点工件曲面外法线向量转动的角度，即调整5轴卧式数控机床沿第四、第五轴方向转动的角度来实施铣削加工。螺杆钻具转子表面是一种基本几何特征仅取决于其生成母线的特殊三维空间曲面，其端面截形的成形精度是决定螺旋曲面加工质量的主要因素。实际试样切削表明，5轴旋风式铣削技术是复杂螺旋曲面快速、高效、精确制造的一种可行技术，其成形精度高。在相同表面粗糙度要求的条件下，相对于普通3轴数控机床，可使刀具切削行程减少8.5％～12.0％，加工时间缩短10％～15％。     

环形刀3轴铣削小曲率面的刀具切触几何分析

针对球头刀在3轴或3+2轴机床加工小曲率面存在效率低的问题,对使用环形刀加工汽车模具的相关问题进行了研究.为有效分析刀具的铣削性能,提出以刀具单次独立切入工件的有效切削带宽代替加工带宽.基于几何切触关系,分别分析了环形刀与球头刀和曲面刀触点处的切削速度,并提出基于刀具切入工件部分在刀触点切平面内的投影,建立3轴铣削条件下有效切削带宽与刀具、曲面坡度、切深、进给方向等参数间的数学模型,为环形刀在3轴加工中的刀路优化提供依据.小曲率面加工实验表明:与球头刀相比,环形刀可提高加工效率27.27%,并能够抑制毛刺的产生,且具有较好的表面质量.     

一种提取曲面加工可行刀具方向的方法

着眼于自由曲面五轴ＣＮＣ加工中无干涉刀具接近方向集合的自动获取算法的研究，给出了一种基于凸包和适应性离散的采样算法，使得在干涉检查过程中，采样点的选取能适应曲面几何特征．在刀具路径的每个ＣＣ位置，自动给出可行方向的集合，减少干涉检查的人工交互，提高计算效率．该算法可以作为模具加工的并行工程框架中自动无干涉路径规划的支持工具．     

五坐标加工整体叶轮粗加工刀位规划

针对具有等长叶片和长短交错叶片的叶轮,通过对其气流通道的几何分析,确定了叶轮的粗加工边界和最大刀具直径.采用均匀分层法对叶轮进行粗加工刀具路径规划,针对某一层给出了之字形走刀和三角形走刀的刀具路径规划算法.计算表明,与常规的单向等参数线法相比,之字形走刀法具有计算简单、抬刀次数少的优点,三角形走刀法不但抬刀次数少,而且切削路径长度明显减小,这些将有利于叶轮粗加工效率的提高.对于某一种走刀方式,通过连接切削层上的刀位点和盖盘曲面上的对应点,确定了五轴侧铣叶轮的刀具轴线方向,避免了刀具与叶片曲面和轮毂面的干涉.最后通过实例验证了算法的可行性.     

多轴机床加工自由曲面的干涉避免与刀轴优化

针对平底刀加工复杂自由曲面，从刀具与曲面的干涉特征分析入手，提出了“无刀底干涉→无曲率、刀杆干涉”的刀具干涉避免策略，并阐述了相应的刀轴矢量调整方法．实例分析表明，算法的应用不仅能快速、有效地解决平底刀加工自由曲面的干涉问题，而且也能促进自由曲面加工效率的进一步提高．     

三阶切触法加工自由曲面无干涉刀位规划

基于三阶切触法刀具包络曲面的局部重建原理,提出了刀具可行空间约束下平底刀加工自由曲面的无干涉刀位规划方法. 通过工件表面到刀具轴线的距离来分析刀具与工件的局部和整体干涉,并解析求解二阶切触刀具姿态,进而建立二阶切触无干涉刀具可行空间. 在此基础上,通过计算设计曲面与包络曲面沿进给垂直方向的诱导法曲率导数,在可行空间内优化搜索最接近三阶切触的刀位. 拉伸曲面和螺旋曲面的刀位规划和切削带宽的计算结果表明,该方法可以有效地避免刀具干涉,并显著提高加工效率.     

叶轮曲面5轴高速铣加工刀轨生成算法

为适应高速切削,提出了一种新的侧刃铣削5轴加工刀轨生成算法和全局刀轨碰撞检查算法.算法的前者采用5次NURBS直纹面拟合原加工刀轨面,生成了全程C2连续的刀位曲线和空间平滑变化的刀轴矢量;后者通过设置刀轴矢量变化的阈值并采用集合碰撞体,实现了刀位的跳点检查和集合运算检查.应用于Superman CAMⅡ原型系统中,经测试,刀轨生成算法的运行速度已接近于UG,用于精加工叶轮,叶片的表面质量可达到Ra 0.8μm;刀具碰撞检查算法不仅可实现集合体之间碰撞的快速检查,而且可精确地检查出碰撞干涉量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.