乙醇重整制氢对邻氯硝基苯的原位加氢合成邻氯苯胺的研究

制备了两种PVP稳定的负载型稀土金属催化剂, 考察了其催化邻氯硝基苯（o-CNB）选择加氢制备邻氯苯胺（o-CAN）的催化性能. 所用氢气通过乙醇的液相催化重整产生并直接用于邻氯硝基苯的原位加氢. 评价了不同反应条件（温度、时间、Fe修饰剂等）对邻氯硝基苯的选择加氢的影响. 研究表明, PVP-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂比另一贵金属催化剂PVP-Pd/γ-Al2O3拥有更好的催化性能. 同时, 在优化的条件下, Fe修饰的PVP-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化的邻氯硝基苯选择加氢反应中, o-CNB的转化     

多壁碳纳米管促进的甲苯加氢脱芳高效Pt基催化剂

开发了一类以CNTs-γ-Al2O3复合材料为载体的高效催化甲苯加氢脱芳的Pt基催化剂.实验结果表明,适量添加少量的CNTs能显著提高Pt基催化剂催化甲苯加氢脱芳的活性.经组分优化的1.0%(质量分数)Pt/8%CNTs-γ-Al2O3催化剂上,在2.0MPa、363K、V(C7H8)∶V(H2)=1∶6.7、1 035L/(h·g)的反应条件下,甲苯转化率可达85.9%,时空收率为501.7g/(h·g),分别是相同条件下γ-Al2O3、CNTs、γ-Al2O3(商品)和SiO2负载催化剂上相应值(458.9、445.1、435.8和406.3g/(h·g))的1.09、1.13、1.15和1.24倍.进一步,联合多种谱学表征技术对催化剂进行表征,探讨CNTs对促进催化剂催化芳烃加氢的作用本质.研究结果表明,以CNTs-γ-Al2O3为载体的工作态Pt基催化剂上甲苯加氢脱芳的表观活化能与系列常规载体负载的参比体系上的相应值基本一致,表明少量CNTs的添加并不改变催化反应途径,但却提升了工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Pt0物种在表面总Pt量中所占比例;与γ-Al2O3负载的参比体系相比,CNTs-γ-Al2O3负载的Pt基催化剂增强的催化加氢活性可能源于CNTs对氢的适度吸附、活化及溢流性能.     

Co助剂对Ni-B非晶态催化剂微观结构和加氢性能的影响

通过化学还原法制备了一系列Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂,研究了n(KBH4)/n(Ni)和Co含量对Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂微观结构及其催化二硝基甲苯(DNT)合成甲苯二胺(TDA)性能的影响。通过XRD和H2-TPD技术对催化剂微观结构表征表明,随着n(KBH4)/n(Ni)的增大,NiB2含量增多,催化剂的加氢性能先增大后减小;当n(KBH4)/n(Ni)=4时,Ni-B非晶态合金的催化加氢性能最优。Co助剂的引入增大了Ni-B非晶态合金的无序程度,降低了Ni活性中心对H2的吸附强度,使得H2物种更容易在催化剂表面流动并参加反应,进一步增大了Ni-B催化DNT加氢合成TDA的活性和选择性。当Co的摩尔分数为6%时,Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化剂的性能最优,DNT转化率为96.8%,TDA的选择性达100%。     

负载型钌-铱双金属催化剂催化对氯硝基苯选择性加氢

采用异丙醇浸渍法制备了负载型Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化剂用于催化对氯硝基苯的选择加氢。系统考察了温度、压力、时间、溶剂的极性及底物浓度对于催化加氢反应的影响。实验结果表明,在Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3双金属催化体系中,催化剂的活性和目标产物的选择性较好。在P(H2)=1.0 MPa,70℃,反应150 m in的条件下,双金属催化剂Ru-Ir/γ-A l2O3催化对氯硝基苯中硝基选择性加氢反应转化率达到100%,生成对氯苯胺选择性达95%。     

纳米非晶态Ni-B合金催化剂的室温固相合成及催化氢化活性

以NiCl2.6H2O与KBH4为原料,采用室温固相合成法,制备非晶态纳米Ni-B合金催化剂,用化学分析、XRD、TEM技术对其组成、结构和形貌进行表征.确定了制备非晶态Ni-B合金催化剂的最佳条件:在室温、无氧条件下,硼镍摩尔比为2∶1,制备的Ni-B催化剂粒径最小,达到50~60 nm,纯度较高.组成为Ni2.27B的催化剂对脂肪酸甲酯加氢的催化活性好,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率达到89.85%.     

器外预硫化型MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化裂化柴油加氢性能研究

考察了放大制备的器外预硫化型MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化裂化柴油的加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)性能,并与传统的器内预硫化的MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂作对比.结果表明,在氢压为8.0 MPa,氢油体积比为570,反应温度为310 ℃,体积空速为1.9 h-1的条件下,器外预硫化催化剂的加氢脱硫性能和加氢后柴油的十六烷值提高值均与器内预硫化催化剂基本相当,而其加氢脱氮性能略低.X射线衍射(XRD)与高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)分析表明,器外预硫化催化剂的MoS2活性相对并不完善,导致其加氢性能以及加氢脱氮活性相对较低.     

器外预硫化型MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化裂化柴油加氢性能研究

考察了放大制备的器外预硫化型MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化裂化柴油的加氢脱硫（HDS）、加氢脱氮（HDN）性能，并与传统的器内预硫化的MoNiP/γ-Al2O3催化剂作对比。结果表明，在氢压为8.0 MPa，氢油体积比为570，反应温度为310℃，体积空速为1.9 h^-1的条件下，器外预硫化催化剂的加氢脱硫性能和加氢后柴油的十六烷值提高值均与器内预硫化催化剂基本相当，而其加氢脱氮性能略低。X射线衍射（XRD）与高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）分析表明，器外预硫化催化剂的MoS2活性相对并不完善，导致其加氢性能以及加氢脱氮活性相对较低。     

1,4-丁炔二醇温和条件下Pd-Ni基加氢催化剂的研究

鉴于1,4-丁炔二醇加氢制1,4-丁二醇的生产工艺一般涉及高压高温,分别以α-Al2O3和碳纳米管(CNTs)为载体,研究了近室温(30℃)近常压(0.2MPa)下1,4-丁炔二醇的Pd(Ni)基催化剂的加氢性能及其结构特征.结果发现,Pd-Ni双金属催化剂可以实现1,4-丁炔二醇的完全转化.对于产物1,4-丁二醇的选择性,还原法制备的1%Pd-1%Ni/CNTs仅达60.6%,而分步浸渍法制备的1%Pd-1%Ni/α-Al2O3和1%Pd-1%Ni/CNTs则分别达到89.1%和98.9%.X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)及透射电镜(TEM)等表征结果表明:具有合适相互作用、合金形式(部分)以及高度分散的Pd-Ni物种对1,4-丁炔二醇加氢具有重要作用,有利于反应中间产物1,4-丁烯二醇进一步加氢至1,4-丁二醇;且CNTs具有较优的储氢能力,以CNTs为载体有利于提高Pd-Ni基催化剂表面的氢浓度,进而促进1,4-丁烯二醇加氢.     

Ru-Ir双金属催化剂制备及其催化氯代硝基苯加氢反应的研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列负载型Ru-Ir双金属催化剂,用于催化对氯硝基苯的选择加氢.系统考察了不同制备方法和制备条件对催化剂性能的影响.实验结果表明,以γ-Al2O3为载体,用异丙醇共浸渍钌和铱,氢压为4.0 MPa,温度180 ℃,用氢气还原18 h 制备的双金属Ru-Ir催化剂(nRu :nIr=4:1,担载量为2.0%)具有较好的催化性能.该催化剂用于对氯硝基苯加氢还原反应中,在反应温度60 ℃,氢气压力为2.0 MPa,底物与催化剂的摩尔比为1000:1条件下,反应1 h,转化率可达90.4%,目标产物对氯苯胺的选择性达99.5%.     

辛癸酸甘油酯催化加氢脱氧反应规律

以辛癸酸甘油酯为模型化合物,采用高压流动反应装置考察辛癸酸甘油酯在金属硫化物加氢催化剂CoMo/γ-Al2O3,NiMoP/γ-Al2O3,NiMoP/γ-Al2O3-HUSY和贵金属双功能催化剂Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的加氢脱氧反应规律.结果表明:辛癸酸甘油酯在加氢催化剂上的反应包括加氢饱和、脱羧、异构化和裂化反应,主要产物为烷烃;采用Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的催化加氢产物中异构化烷烃比例明显提高,脱羧反应和裂解反应得到明显抑制.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.