丙烯酸正丁酯合成反应的负载型固体催化剂的研究

选用强酸性阳离子交换树脂、活性氧化铝和活性白土三种栽体,以漫渍法分别负载活性组分H^ ,Ni^2 ,Fe^3 ,Mb^2 ,Al^3 ,Mx^2 ,Sn^4 ,制成了几种固体酸催化剂．进行载体和活性组分的试验,筛选出综合性能较好的用于酯化反应的Mx^2 ／树脂催化剂,并对此催化剂的制备工艺进行了改进．改进后的催化剂应用于丙烯酸正丁酯的合成,酯化收率达到97％以上．     

乙酸和正丁醇在强酸性阳离子交换树脂上酯化反应的动力学行为

以大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂进行了乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应，研究了不同的催化剂用量、醇／醇摩尔比和温度对酯化反应的影响，得出较佳的工艺条件为２．５２ｇｃａｔ／ｍｏｌＨＡｃ、醇／酸摩尔比为１和１１０～１２０℃，并从温度与酯化速度的关系求出反应级数（ｎ），反应速度常数（ｋ）和反应活化能（Ｅ）．     

酸性树脂催化合成苹果酯的新工艺研究

以酸性树脂为催化剂，由乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇合成苹果酯，研究了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间对酯化反应的影响．结果表明：当原料配比为１∶１．２５，催化剂用量为３％，反应时间４ｈ时，产物收率可达９５．５％，催化剂经１０次重复使用后其性能仍保持稳定．     

强酸性离子交换树脂催化合成乳酸乙酯工艺研究

以乙醇，乳酸为原料，强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，在常压下合成乳酸乙酯．研究了树脂种类、反应温度、树脂用量、酸醇比等因素对酯化反应的影响，在不分离产物情况下，合成乳酸乙酯的反应条件为：酸醇比1：4，反应时间180min，催化剂用量（以乳酸加入质量计）10％，沸腾状态下反应，乳酸的单程转化率达72．53％．催化剂可重复使...     

用HZSM-5为催化剂合成乙酸乙酯

以ＨＺＳＭ５分子筛为催化剂，从液体空速、反应温度、酸醇比和原料含水量等方面研究乙酸与乙醇的酯化反应的活性．结果表明，ＨＺＳＭ５分子筛催化剂有很高的催化活性，当液体空速为１．４ｈ－１，反应温度为１４０℃，酸醇比为２∶１时，酯化率达９９％     

催化剂在乙酸仲丁酯合成中的应用研究

综述了乙酸仲丁酯合成中各种催化剂的应用．结果表明,强酸性阳离子交换树脂、固体超强酸、对甲基苯磺酸、二苯胺甲烷磺酸盐和壳聚糖硫酸盐对合成乙酸仲丁酯具有良好的催化活性,酯化率较高,具有良好的应用前景．     

SO_4~2／ZrO_2－TiO_2在合成三乙酸甘油酯中的应用

合成了固体酸催化剂，应用该催化剂合成了三乙酸甘油酯。实验表明，Ｚｒ：Ｔｉ＝２：１、活化温度为４５０℃时催化剂活性最高。酸强度和酸量分布表明中强酸位有利于酯化反应。     

固体酸催化剂催化合成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

采用以沸石分子筛作载体的固体酸催化剂,在釜式反应器内对苯酐和正丁醇的酯化反应进行了研究,考察了催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性．结果表明,在组成适宜的催化剂和适当的反应条件下,苯酐转化率可达 ９８％ , Ｄ Ｂ Ｐ选择性可达 １００％ ,且催化剂可重复多次使用．催化剂的结构和酸性由骨架红外、 Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ、吡啶 Ｉ Ｒ、 Ｎ Ｈ３ Ｔ Ｐ Ｄ 等技术表征     

新型高效固体酸催化剂的研制

通过浸渍法和回流吸附等等方法制备了多种负载型固体酸催化剂TZ－1，FMSB，FMSA，FMCA，FMCB，AMCB，AMPB，FMPB，APMB和FPMB，通过乙酸酯系列酯化反应检测了催化剂的稳定性、催化活性和选择性等性能指标，实验结果表明这些固体酸催化剂对于低级脂肪酸的酯化反应具有较高的酸催化活性、选择性和稳定性，催化剂APMB重复使用10次后，其催化活性几乎不变，仍保持在95％以上，同时，对其进行了放大实验。     

固体超强酸TiO2／SO4^2—催化合成丁酸异戌酯的研究

报道固体超强酸ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ４＾２－作为催化剂进行了酸与异戌醇酯化反应的合成路线和工艺条件，实验结果表明；使用合适条件制备的固体超强酸ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ４＾２－在１３５￣１４２℃，酸与醇比为１：２和适量（３％ｗｔ）催化剂下，反应１．５小时，丁酸异戌酯产率可达９０％左右。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.